Teknoloojiyada Biotechnology
Tan iyo markii ugu horreysay ee tijaabooyinka DNA-da ee 40 sano ka hor la sameeyay, farsamooyinka injineernimada ayaa loo sameeyay si loo abuuro unugyo nooloole ah oo nooloolojir ah, jeermisyo iyo unugyo hidde ah, siyaabo lagu helayo hiddo-gale cusub oo lagu ogaado sida ay u shaqeeyaan, xitaa xayawaanka iyo dhirta transgenic. Xilligan ka mid ah kacaan-qabadka is-dhex-galka, codsiyada ganacsiga ayaa qarxay, iyo warshad lagu horumariyey farsamooyinka sida hargabka hidda , mutagenesis toosan, qaabaynta DNA , faragelinta RNA, calaamadda biomolecule iyo ogaanshaha, iyo nucleic acid amplification.
Laba Suuq Bakhshi Baaskiil ah: Caafimaadka iyo Beeraha
Warshadaha dhirta biotech si ballaaran u qaybsan suuqyada caafimaadka iyo beeraha. Inkasta oo shirkad ganacsi ahaan loo adeegsado Biotechnology sidoo kale lagu dabaqo meelaha kale ee xiisaha leh sida soo saarka kiimikada ee kiimikada, iyo bioremediation , isticmaalka meelahaas ayaa wali ah mid gaar ah oo xadidan.
Dhinaca kale, warshadaha caafimaadka iyo beeraha ayaa labaduba la wareegay isbeddel biyotech ah oo leh dadaallo cilmi-baaris ah oo cusub iyo inta badan muran-cilmi-baaris, barnaamijyada horumarinta, iyo istaraatijiyadaha ganacsiga si loo ogaado, wax looga bedelo, ama loo soo saaro biomolecules iyo organisms iyadoo la adeegsanayo bioengineering.
Abaabulka Dib-u-kicinta Biotech
Biotechnology waxay soo bandhigtay hab cusub oo loogu talagalay horumarinta daroogada oo aan si sahal ah u dhexgelin habka loo xakameeyo habka kiimikada ah ee ugu badan ee shirkadaha dawooyinka ee aasaasay ayaa isticmaalayay.
Isbeddelkan ayaa kiciyay firiiric ka mid ah shirkadaha bilowga ah ee ka bilaabmay aasaaska Cetus (oo hadda qayb ka ah Novartis Diagnostics) iyo Genetech bartamihii 1970-yadii.
Tan iyo markii ay jirtay hanti beeleed madax-bannaan oo loogu talagalay warshadaha sare ee tiknoolajiyadda Silicon Valley , shirkado badan oo ka mid ah shirkadaha biotecheat waxay sidoo kale ku dhex jireen aagga San Francisco Bay. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, dhawr boqol oo shirkado ah ayaa la aasaasay, waxaana sidoo kale laga sameeyay goobo hoteel ah oo ku yaala Mareykanka oo ku yaalla Seattle, San Diego, North Carolina Research Triangle Park, Boston, iyo Philadelphia, iyo sidoo kale meelo caalami ah oo ay ku jiraan goobaha ku yaalla Berlin, Heidelberg, iyo Munich ee Germany, Oxford iyo Cambridge ee UK, iyo Dooxada Medicon ee bariga Danmark iyo koonfurta Iswiidhan.
Qalabka Biotechnology, Diyaarinta Mukhaadaraadka Cusub
Biyotech Medical, oo leh dakhliyo ka badan $ 150 bilyan sannadkii, ayaa hela maalgashiga maalgashiga biotech iyo daraasadaha cilmibaarista. Xitaa ereyga "biotech" waxaa badanaa loo adeegsadaa cutubkan. Qeybtan qaybta biotech waxay ka kooban tahay hiddaha "dhuunta" oo laga bilaabo cilmi-baaris asaasi ah si loo ogaado hidaha ama borotiinka la xidhiidha cudurro gaar ah kuwaas oo loo adeegsan karo bartilmaameed daroogo iyo calaamadaha calaamadaha.
Marka la arko hiddo-wade cusub ama borotiin cusub, kumanaan kiimiko ah ayaa lagu baari doonaa si loo helo daawooyin suurtagal ah oo saameeya bartilmaameedka. Kiimikooyinka u eg inay ka shaqeyn karaan daroogo (mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan "hits") markaa waxay u baahanyihiin in la naqshadeeyo, loona hubiyo saameynaha sunta ah, iyo ugu dambeyntii, tijaabiyey tijaabooyinka bukaan socodka.
Yaa Shirkadaha Biotech Waa
Biyotech ayaa kudheer u ah helitaanka daroogooyinka bilowga iyo marxaladaha baaritaanka. Shirkadaha waaweyn ee daawooyinka ugu firfircoon waxay bartilmaameedyo firfircooni ah ku bartaan cilmi-baadhisyo cilmi-baaris ah oo si xoog leh ugu tiirsan yahiin biotechnology, iyo shirkado yaryar oo cusub sida Exelixis, BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, iyo Cephalon waxbaarsho daawo iyo horumarin inta badan waxay isticmaalaan farsamooyin khaas ah. Marka lagu daro horumarinta daroogada tooska ah, waxaa jira shirkado sida Abbott Diagnostics iyo Becton-Dickenson kuwaas oo raadinaya habab ay u isticmaalaan hiddo-celin cusub oo la xiriira cudurka si loo abuuro baaritaan cusub oo caafimaad.
Qaar badan oo ka mid ah tijaabooyinkan ayaa tilmaamaya bukaannada ugu jawaabta badan daawooyinka cusub ee suuqa. Sidoo kale, taageeridda cilmi-baarista daawooyinka cusub waa liis dheer oo ah cilmi-baaris iyo shaybaarka shirkadaha bixiya ee bixiya xirmooyinka aasaasiga ah, reagacyada, iyo qalabka. Tusaale ahaan, shirkadaha sida Technologies Life Technologies, Thermo-Fisher, Promega iyo qaar ka mid ah kuwa kale waxay bixiyaan qalab iyo qalab loogu talagalay cilmi-baarista bioloji, iyo shirkadaha sida qalabka Molecular iyo DiscoveRx waxay bixiyaan unugyo gaar ah oo injineernimo leh iyo nidaam lagu ogaanayo baaritaanka daroogooyinka cusub.
Beeraha Biotechnology - Better Food
Isugeynta nafaqada ee loo isticmaalo horumarinta daroogada ayaa sidoo kale sii wanaajin karta beeraha iyo cuntooyinka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax ka duwan daawooyinka, injineerada hidde-abuurka ma dhalin furfurnaan cusub oo bilowga biotech ah. Farqiga ayaa noqon kara in, inkastoo tiknoolajiyada farsamada hore, biotech dhab ahaantii si dhab ah uma beddelin nooca warshadaha beeraha. Maareynta dalagyada iyo xoolaha si loo yareeyo genetics si kor loogu qaado kor u qaadka iyo hagaajinta wax soosaarka ayaa socday muddo kumanaan sano ah. Si habka ah, bioengineering waxay bixisaa hab habboon oo cusub. Shirkadaha beeraha, oo ay ka mid yihiin Dow iyo Monsanto, oo si wada jir ah u xajiya barnaamijyada R & D.
Plant iyo Animal GMOs
Inta badan diiradda saara biotech waxay ku jirtaa horumarinta miraha , taas oo, ganacsi, aad u guuleysatay. Tan iyo markii la soo gooyey hadhuudhkii ugu horreeyay ee la soo saaro sannadkii 1994, dalagyada dalagga ee transgenic sida sarreenka, soybean, yaanyada, waxay noqdaan kuwa caadiga ah sidaa daraadeed hadda in ka badan 90% ee hadhuudhka, soodhaha, iyo suufka ee Maraykanka ayaa ah kuwo bioengineered. Inkasta oo ay ka dambeyso dhirta bioengineered, isticmaalka biotechnology ee horumarinta xayawaanka beeraha sidoo kale waa mid aad u muuqata.
Xusuusnow Dolly, idaha kowaad oo idil? Tani waxay ahayd 1996-kii. Haatan xayawaanka xayawaanku waa mid caadi ah, waana cad yahay xayawaanka beeraha ee transgenic ay ku jiraan qaabka ugu hooseysa ee ku saleysan cinwaanada tilmaamaya dhowaantii dhowaan ka heleysey shabakada bogagga shabakada xoolaha. Inkasta oo ay yahiin noolayaasha hidde-abuurka ah (GMOs) ay sameeyeen wax badan oo khilaaf ah sannadihii la soo dhaafay, ag-biyotech ayaa noqday mid si fiican loo aasaasay. Sida laga soo xigtay 2011 Adeegyada Caalamiga ah ee Codsiyada Dalabka Agri-biotech Applications '(ISAAA) 2011, 160 milyan oo hektar oo ah dalagyada GMO ayaa la beeray sanadkii 2011 iyada oo la iibiyay in ka badan $ 160 bilyan oo farmaajo ah.