Sidee ayay ujirtaas ujiraan
Intee in le'eg ayaad ka ogaaneysaa xannibaadyada xaddidan? Helaan fahan wanaagsan oo ku saabsan waxa ay qabtaan iyo sababta ay muhiim u yihiin, dib-u-eegidgan.
Qeexidda Enzymes xakamaynta
Endonucleases xannibaadku waa nooc ka mid ah enzymes oo yareeyay molecules DNA. Enzyme kastaa wuxuu aqoonsan yahay isugeyn nucleotid ah oo ku jira qaybta DNA. Tirooyinka noocan oo kale ah waa badanaa 4 ilaa 6 wakhti dheer labadaba. Iskuduwaha waa palindromic ah in qaybta DNA-ga ee dhamaystirani ay leedahay isku xigta oo kaliya dhinaca dhinaca dambe.
Si kale haddii loo dhigo, labadoodaba labadoodaba DNA ayaa la gooyaa isla goobta.
Halkee Aasaasayaasha La Helay
Enzymes-ka xakamaynta waxaa laga helaa noocyo kala duwan oo bakteeriyo ah halkaasoo kaalintooda bayoolajigu ay ka qaybgasho difaaca gacanta. Enzymes ayaa "xakameynaya" shisheeye (eg fayrus) DNA oo galaya unugyada, iyada oo la burburinayo. Nidaamka martida ayaa leh nidaam xaddidan oo isbeddel ah kaas oo methylates DNA u gaar ah meelaha gaarka ah ee loogu talagalay enzymes xakameynaya, taas oo ka ilaalinaya kala qaybsan. In ka badan 800 oo loo yaqaanno enzymes ayaa la ogaadey in la aqoonsado wax ka badan 100 nooc oo kala duwan oo nucleotide ah.
Isticmaal Biyotechnology
Enzymes Restriction waxaa loo isticmaalaa biotechnology si loo yareeyo DNA-yada xakamaynta yaryar si loo baro farqiga farqiga u dhaxeeya shakhsiyaadka (Xaddidaadda Xaddidaadda Xaddiga Polymorphism - RFLP). Waxa kale oo loo isticmaalaa hannaanka hidda-wadaha.
Farsamooyinka RFLP ayaa loo isticmaalay si loo go'aamiyo in shakhsiyaadka ama kooxo shakhsiyadeed ay kala duwan yihiin kala duwanaansho kala duwanaanshaha hannaanka hiddaha iyo xaddidaadaha xaddidaadda ee qaybaha qaarkood ee genom.
Aqoonta goobahaas gaarka ahi waa astaamaha DNA-da . Mid kasta oo ka mid ah hababkaasi waxay ku xiran tahay isticmaalka qalabka elektarrre-ta ee agarose ee kala duwan ee kala-soocidda qaybaha DNA. Qaybta TBE, oo ka kooban saldhigga Tris-baz, boric acid, iyo EDTA, ayaa sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalaa agorose electrophoresis si loo baadho alaabta DNA.
Noocyada Enzymes Restriction
Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo ah noocyada xakamaynta ee kala duwan. Nooca waxaan DNA u gooyaa goobaha gaaban illaa 1000 ama ka badan oo ka kooban goobaha aqoonsiga. Nooca III ee jarista qiyaastii 25 saldhig oo ka kooban goobta. Noocyada I iyo III waxay u baahan yihiin ATP waxaana laga yaabaa inay noqdaan enzymes ballaaran oo leh qaybo badan oo hoose. Nooca II ee enzymes, oo badanaa loo isticmaalo biyotechnology, ayaa gooyay DNA-da dhexdiisa iyadoo loo baahan yahay ATP oo ka yaryar oo fudud.
Noocyada nooca II ee xaddidan ayaa lagu magacaabaa noocyada bakteeriyada oo ay ka soo go'do. Tusaale ahaan, EcoRI enzyme waxaa laga go'ay E. coli . Inta badan dadweynaha waxay yaqaanaan E. coli duxda cuntada.
Noocyada nooca 2aad ee xaddidaadda ayaa abuuri kara laba nooc oo kala jaad ah taas oo ku xiran hadday gooyaan labadaba xarafka aqoonsiga ama mid kasta oo udhow in uu midba midka ugu dambeeya ee qaabka aqoonsiga.
Cutubkii hore wuxuu abuuri doonaa "dhoobo dhamaato" iyada oo aan lahayn nukleotide dulsaar ah. Qodobka ugu dambeeya wuxuu abuuraa "dhidib" ama "isku-dhafid" sababtoo ah mid kasta oo ka mid ah sheybaarka DNA-da ayaa leh xad-gudub kaas oo ku qanacsan qaybaha kale. Labaduba waxay faa'iido u yihiin unugyada molecular si ay u sameeyaan DNA-da recombinant iyo borotiinada.
Foomkan DNA wuxuu u taagan yahay sababtoo ah waxa soo saarey tallaabooyinka (isku xidhka) laba ama in ka badan oo kala duwan oo aan hore u lahayn isku xirka.