Xinjirow naqasku waa ficilka samaynta nuqullo, ama clones, oo ah hal hiddo. Marka la ogaado hiddo-wadaha, dhagaha waxaa loo isticmaali karaa meelo badan oo ka mid ah cilmi-baarista bayoolajiga iyo warshadaha. Injineernimada genetic waa geedi socodka xayiraadda unugyada noolaha cusub ama isbedelka qaanuunka DNA si loo bedelo alaabta borotiinka. Injineernimada genetic waxay ku xiran tahay awoodeena aan ku fulino hababka muhiimka ah ee soo socda.
01 Xakamaynta Saxarada Polymerase
02 Enzymes xakamaynta
Soo helitaanka enzymes loo yaqaano endonucleases xayiraad ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah injineernimada borotiinka . Enzymes ayaa gooyay DNA meelo gaar ah oo ku salaysan habka nukleotide. Boqollaal ka mid ah xayiraadaha kala duwan, oo awood u leh in la gooyo DNA-ka goobo kala duwan, ayaa laga soocay noocyo kala duwan oo bakteeriya ah. DNA oo la gooyey enzyme xaddidan waxay soo saartaa jajabyo yar oo yar, oo kala duwan. Kuwaas waxaa lagu kala saari karaa isticmaalka korontada ama jimicsiga.
03 Electrophoresis
In la nadiifiyo DNA-ka dhaqanka unugyada, ama u goynta isticmaalka enzymes-ka xaddidaya ma isticmaali karo wax badan haddii aynaan muuqan karin DNA - taas oo ah, inaad aragto hab lagu fiirsan karo ama aan laga soo saarin wax alaab ah, ama qaybaha cabbirka size 'waan gooyay. Mid ka mid ah habka loo sameeyn karo waa iyada oo loo yaqaan electrophoresis jel. Geela waxaa loo isticmaalaa ujeedooyin kala duwan, laga bilaabo daawashada DNA la gooyey si loo ogaado DNA gaaban iyo garaacis.
04 Ka mid noqo laba qaybood oo DNA ah
Baaritaanka hiddaha, badanaa waa lagama maarmaan in la isku xiro laba ama in ka badan oo ka mid ah xeeladaha DNA, si loo abuuro dib u habeyn dib u habeyn, ama xiro wareega wareegga ah ee la gooyey enzymes xayiraad. Enzymes oo loo yaqaanno DNA ligase-yada waxay abuuri kartaa cirbadaha laysku daro ee u dhexeeya silsiladaha nukleotide. Enzymes DNA polymerase I iyo kinase polynucleotide kinase ayaa sidoo kale muhiim u ah geeddi-socodkan, si loo buuxiyo boogaha ama fosforylating 5 'dhamaadka, siday u kala horreeyaan.
05 Xulashada DNA-ga Isku Bedelashada
Qaybaha wareegsan ee DNA-ga ee aan ka mid ahayn genic bakteeriyadeed, laakiin awood u leh is-iskudhafka, waxaa loo yaqaana sida plasmids. Plasmids waxaa badanaa loo adeegsadaa sida vectors si ay u qaadaan jeermisyada u dhexeeya microorganisms. Biotechnology, marka hiddesiddu ay korodhsato, hiv iyo labadaba waxaa la gooyaa enzymes xayiraad, waxay isku duuban yihiin soo saarista waxa loo yaqaan DNA-ga dib u habeyn ah. Viral (Bacteriophage) DNA sidoo kale waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida vektor, sida cosmids, boombiyeyaasha recombinant oo ku jira gen bacteriophage.
06 Habka Lagu Beddelayo Wareegga Hoosada Aqalka
Habka loo bedelayo walxaha hiddeenta ee ku jira vector sida qalabka isgaadhsiinta, unugyada martigelinta ee cusub, waxaa lagu magacaabaa isbeddel. Farsamadani waxay u baahan tahay in unugyada martida loo soo bandhigo isbeddel deegaaneed oo ka dhigaya "karti leh" ama si ku meel gaar ah loo gudbi karo vector. Awood-saarida waa farsamo noocan oo kale ah. Baaxada weyn ee faytowrka, waxay hoos u dhigtaa waxtarka iyada oo la qaadayo unugyada. Qaybaha DNA ee aad u sarreeya ayaa si sahlan loo xoqay iyadoo la adeegsanayo bakteerigga, retrovirus ama farsamoyaqaanno kale oo fayras ah ama cosmids hab lagu magacaabo beddelaad. Qalabka fayraska ama fayraska fayraska ayaa badanaa loo adeegsadaa daawooyinka dib loo soo celiyo laakiin waxay sababi kartaa in unugyada DNA-ga qaybo ka mid ah koromosoomiyeyaasheenna aan rabno, taas oo keenaysa dhibaatooyin iyo xitaa kansar.
07 Hababka lagu doorto Nuucyada Transgenic
Dhamaan unugyada ma qaadi doonaan DNA marka ay isbeddelayaan. Waa lagama maarmaan in ay jiraan hab lagu ogaado kuwa sameeya. Guud ahaan, plasmids waxay qaadaan jeermiska caabuqa antibiyootigga ah iyo unugyada transgenic ayaa lagu dooran karaa iyada oo lagu saleynayo muujinta gen iyo kuwa awood u leh inay koraan warbaahinta oo ay ku jirto antibiotic. Hababka kale ee xulashada waxay ku xiran tahay jiritaanka borotiinka kale ee wargeysyada sida nidaamka x-gal / lacZ , ama borotiinka cagaaran, kaas oo u oggolaanaya xulashada ku salaysan midabka iyo fluorescence, siday u kala horreeyaan.