Horumarinta 1983, habka PCR ayaa suurtogal u ah in uu sameeyo qaabaynta DNA iyo aqoonsiga amarka nucleotide ee hiddaha shakhsi ahaaneed.
Habkani wuxuu isticmaalaa baaskiil-biyoodka ama kuleylka soo noqnoqda iyo qaboojinta ee jawaab-celinta loogu talagalay xoqidda DNA iyo dib-u-sameynta. Maaddaama PCR sii socdo, DNA-da "cusub" ayaa loo adeegsadaa sidii qaab loogu talagalay ku-beddelka iyo fal-celin silsilad ah, oo si ballaaran loo kordhiyo sheyga DNA.
Farsamooyinka PCR waxaa lagu dabaqaa meelo badan oo ka mid ah biotechnology oo ay ka mid yihiin injineernimada borogaraamka , dhageysiga, baaritaanka DNA (DNA DNA), baaritaanka aabbanimada, ogaanshaha cudurada dhaxalka iyo / ama infekshanka, iyo falanqaynta saamiyada deegaanka.
Burburinta, gaar ahaan, PCR gaar ahaan faa'iido leh maxaa yeelay waxay kordhineysaa xataa xaddiga ugu yar ee caddaynta DNA. PCR ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa in lagu falanqeeyo DNA-kani oo kumanaan jir ah, farsamooyinkana waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu ogaado wax kasta oo ka mid ah mammoth 800,000-sano jir ah oo mummiyado ah oo adduunka ah.
Nidaamka PCR waa sida soo socota:
- Hordhac : Tallaabadani waxay lagama maarmaan u tahay kaliya ee loogu talagalay polymer-yada ee u baahan PCR-da kulul. Dareen-celinta waxaa loo kululeynayaa inta u dhaxaysa 94 iyo 96 ° C waxaana la qabtaa 1-9 daqiiqo.
- Diidmada: Haddii nidaamku uusan u baahnayn dib u habeyn, denitaration waa tallaabada ugu horreysa. Dareen-celinta waxaa loo kululeynayaa 94-98 ° C ilaa 20-30 ilbiriqsi. Nidaamka DNA-da ee 'hydrogen bonds' waa la jabiyaa oo la abuuro hal unugyo DNA ah.
- Qaboojinta: Heerkulka dareen-celinta wuxuu hoos u dhacaa inta u dhexeysa 50 iyo 65 ° C waxayna qabataa 20-40 ilbidhiqsi. Asthmaamayaasha waxay u ekaadaan naqshadda DNA-da ee hal-maran. Heerkulku waa mid aad u muhiim ah inta lagu jiro tallaabadan. Haddii ay aad u kulushahay, asaasiga ayaa laga yaabaa inuusan ku xirneyn. Haddii uu aad u qabow yahay, asaasiga ayaa laga yaabaa in uu si xamaasad ah u xiran yahay. Xiriir wanaagsan ayaa la sameeyaa marka taxanaha asaasiga ah uu si dhow ula socdo taxanaha qaabka.
- Kordhinta / Kordhinta: Heerkulka inta lagu jiro tallaabadani way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xiran nooca polymerase. Polymerase DNA wuxuu keenaa gabi ahaanba DNA cusub.
- Ballaadhinta ugu dambeysa: Tallaabadan waxaa lagu sameeyaa 70-74 ° C ilaa 5-15 daqiiqo kadib wareega PCR ee ugu dambeeya.
- Haynta kama dambaysta ah: Talaabadani waa ikhtiyaari. Heerkulka waxaa lagu hayaa 4-15 ° C waxaana uu isku deyayaa jawaab celinta.
Nidaamku wuxuu u qaybsan yahay saddex marxaladood:
- Xajmiga ballaaran: Wareeg kasta, sheyga (qaybta gaarka ah ee DNA-da ee la duubay) ayaa labanlaabmay.
- Marxaladda hirgelinta: Iyadoo DNA polymerase ay lumiso dhaqdhaqaaqa ayna baaba'do reagyada, dareen-celintu way sii socotaa.
- Taarikhda: Wax dheeraad ah ma soo ururiyo alaabta.