Cudurka Dabeecadda ee Guud
Meeshii monomorphism micnaheedu yahay hal qaab oo keliya iyo dimorphism micnaheedu waa laba nooc oo kali ah, ereyga "polymorphism" waa erey macquul ah oo ku saabsan genetik iyo bayoolaji, oo la xidhiidha noocyada kala duwan ee hiddaha ka jiri kara.
Ereygu ma sii fidayo sifooyinka dabeecadaha leh kala duwanaansho joogto ah sida sarajoogga (xiitaa tani waxay noqon kartaa arrin ladnaan ah).
Taa baddalkeeda, polymorphism waxaa loola jeedaa foomamka aan joogtada ahayn (lahaansho kala duwanaansho), bimodal (haysashada ama ku lug lahaansho laba nooc), ama polymodal (noocyo badan). Tusaale ahaan, dhegaha ayaa ku lifaaqan, ama aanay ahayn, waa mid / ama xaalad oo aanu ahayn dherer, taas oo aan ahayn lambar la dhigay ama mid kale.
Polymorphism waxaa markii hore loo isticmaalaa si loo sharaxo noocyada muuqda ee hidaha, laakiin ereyga waxaa hadda loo isticmaalaa in lagu daro qaababka cryptic sida noocyada dhiigga, oo u baahan baaritaanka dhiigga si loo xalliyo. Sidoo kale, ereyga waxaa mararka qaarkood loo isticmaalaa si qaldan si uu u sharaxo jinsiyadaha juquraafi ahaan kala duwan ama kala duwanaanta, laakiin polymorphism wuxuu loola jeedaa xaqiiqda ah in noocyada kala duwan ee hiddaha hal kaliya ay tahay inay isku meel ku wada noolaadaan isla wakhtigaas (oo ka reeban joqraafiga, jinsiyada ama xilliyada xilliga. )
Polymorphism-ka ayaa tilmaamaya dhacdooyinka laba ama in ka badan oo ah jinsiyado la go'aamiyey oo ku jira dad gaar ah (marka loo eego kuwa ugu yar ee dabeecadaha aan lagu hayn karin kaliya isbeddellada soo noqnoqota). Polymorphism waxay kor u qaadaysaa kala duwanaanta waxayna sii jirtaa jiilalka badan sababtoo ah hal foom uusan lahayn faa'iido guud ama khasaare ka badan kuwa kale marka la eego xulashada dabiiciga ah.
Polymorphism iyo Mutation
Is-beddelka nafsaddooda isma beddelaan sida polymorphisms. Polymorphism waa nooc kala duwan oo isdaba joog ah oo dadku ku badan yahay. Is-beddelka, dhinaca kale, waa isbeddel kasta oo ku yimaadda qaab DNA ah oo ka fog mid caadi ah (isagoo tilmaamaya in ay jirto xaalad caadi ah oo ku dhex socota dadweynaha iyo in isbeddelku uu badalayo isbeddel caadi ah oo aan caadi ahayn oo aan caadi ahayn.)
Marka la eego polymorphisms, waxaa jira laba ama in ka badan oo bedelaad ah oo la aqbali karo oo loo aqoonsado sida polymorphism, dhammaan dadka ugu caansan waa in ay leeyihiin tiro ah 1% ama in ka badan dadka. Haddii xaddiga uu ka hooseeyo sidan, allele waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida isbeddel.
Polymorphism iyo Enzymes
Cilmi-baarista hidda-wadaha, sida tan loo sameeyay mashruuca bani'aadamka aadanaha, ayaa muujisay in heerka nukleotide, hiddaha ku calaamadeynaya borotiinka gaarka ah ay yeelan karaan tiro farqi ah oo isku xigta.
Kala duwanaanshahani ma beddelo alaabta guud ee ku filan si loo soo saaro borotiinka kala duwan, laakiin waxaa laga yaabaa inuu saameyn ku yeelan karo astaanta astaanta ah iyo waxqabadka gaarka ah (loogu talagalay enzymes), waxqabadka isku xiran (waxqabadka isdabajooga, borotiinka maqaarka, iwm) .
Tusaale ahaan, jinsiyadda aadanaha, waxaa jira polymorphisms kala duwan oo ah CYP 1A1, mid ka mid ah cytochrome P450 enzymes ee beerka.
Inkasta oo enzymes ay asal ahaan u yihiin isku xigxig iyo qaab isku mid ah, polymorphisms ee enzyme this saameyn kartaa sida ay dadku metabolize daroogada.
CYP 1A1 polymorphisms ee bini-aadanka, halkaas oo, dibedda 7-aad ee amino acid acid is bedelay Valine, ayaa lala xiriiriyay kansarka sambabada la xiriira sigaarka. Isticmaalka polymorphisms wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah awooda deCODE Genetics , shirkad diirada saartay saameeynta isirrada halista ah ee cudurada kala duwan.
Ilaha:
Ford, EB 1975. Xayndaabka Xoolaha (4th ed.). London: Chapman iyo Hall
Ford, EB (1940). "Polymorphism iyo Taxonomy". Julian Huxley (ed.). Nidaamka Cusub . Oxford: Clarendon Pr. pp. 493-513. ISBN 1-930723-72-5.
Sheppard, Philip M. 1975. Xulashada dabiiciga ah iyo ciriiriga (4th ed.) London: Hutchinson.