Maxay yihiin enzymes? iyo sidee bay u shaqeeyaan?
Si loo fahmo qaab-dhismeedka iyo shaqada ee enzymes, waa muhiim tahay in la ogaado waxa enzymes dhab ahaantii. Si fudud ayaa loo dhigaa, enzymes waa borotiinada ka qayb qaata hababka dheef-shiid kiimikaadada awood leh si loo xoojiyo heerka falcelinta fal-celinta u dhaxeysa bio-molecules. Noloshu ma jiri doonto iyada oo aan joogin enzymes.
Maxay yihiin enzymes iyo maxaa ka dhigaya mid gaar ah ?
Enzymes waxay inta badan ka dhalinaysaa fal-celin kiimikaad oo aan si kale u dhicin iyadoo hoos u dhigaysa tamarta fir-fircoonida si ay u noqoto heer "dheellitiran" oo loogu talagalay unugyada.
Qaar ka mid ah enzymes ayaa xitaa dib u celin kara falcelinta (ama reactants) jihada ay sida caadiga ah qaadaneyso iyadoo la yareeynayo tamarta dhaqdhaqaaqa (Ea) illaa heerka falcelinta jihada u jihada ah.
Enzymes waxaa lagu kala saari karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo habab badan oo lagu nadiifiyo borotiinka . Nadiifinta diyaargarowga enzyme waxaa lagu cabiraa iyadoo la go'aaminayo waxqabadkiisa gaarka ah.
Qaabdhismeedka Enzymes
Enzymes waxay yeelan karaan miisaanno qoyan oo u dhaxeeya 10,000 ilaa in ka badan 1 milyan. Miisaanka miisaanka waa miisaanka miisaanka atomiga ee aaladaha molecule. Kiimikada, eraygu wuxuu u eg yahay in loo adeegsan karo isbeddel qoto dheer oo la xidhiidha unugyada molecular. Qaar ka mid ah enzymes waxay leeyihiin miisaanno qoyan oo ka hooseeya xadka kor ku qoran.
Tirada yar ee enzymes ma aha borotiinno laakiin waxay ka kooban tahay molecules RNA-yada yar. Badanaa, enzymes waa kakoobyo badan oo protein ah oo ka kooban tiro badan oo ka mid ah borotiinka shakhsiga ah.
Enzymes badan ayaa kiciya fal-celinta iyadoo aan gargaar la helin, laakiin qaarkood waxay u baahan yihiin waxyaabo dheeraad ah oo aan protein ahayn oo loo yaqaan 'co-factor'.
Waxyaabaha ay wadaagaan waxaa laga yaabaa inay yihiin fiyoobyo aan fiicnayn sida Fe 2+ , Mg 2+ , Mn 2+ , ama Zn 2+ , ama ka kooban maadooyin dabiici ah ama metallo-organic ah oo loo yaqaano co-enzymes.
Sida Enzymes loo Qoondeeyey
Enzymes waxaa lagu kala saaraa sida ay wax u dhacaan. Lixdaas fasal waa sida soo socota: oxidoreductases, wareejin, hidrolas, lyases, isomeras, iyo ligas.
Hydrolases, oxidoreductases, iyo kala iibsashooyinka waa noocyada ugu badan ee enzymes, halka qaababka kale ee enzymes aysan ka yareyn.
Oxidoreductases xayiraan fal-celinta oksaydhka, kaas oo electrons ka safrayaan hal molecule si kale. Gaadiidka waxay u kicinayaan gaadiidka koox ka mid ah koox ficil ah oo ka kooban hal maadi ah ilaa mid kale. Hydrolase enzymes xayiridda hidrolisis ama geeddi-socodka taas oo ay ku xidhan yihiin shuruudo hal mar ah marka la soo gaadhay biyaha.
Liisaska ayaa ah kuwa enzymes oo kiciya jebinta jumlado kala duwan oo kiimikooyin ah iyada oo aan loo eegin marka laga reebo hidrolisis iyo oxidation, inta badan sameysid dammaanad labajibaaran ama qaab dhismeed cusub. Isomeroosyada waxay u kala qaadaan qaabdhismeedka dhismaha ee molecule, taas oo keenta isbedel muuqaal ah. Ligases ayaa mas'uul ka ah xajinta xayiraadda, sidoo kale loo yaqaano isku dhafka labada qaybood, ama reactions.
Tusaalooyinka Enzymes
Alhydrogenase Alhydrogenase waa enzymn oxidoreductase oo khamriga u beddesha aldehydes ama ketones. Enzymekani wuxuu ka dhigayaa aalkolada yar ee sunta ah marka uu jebiyo. Waxay sidoo kale ka ciyaareysaa door muhiim ah hannaanka halsano.
Aminotransferases waa bedelaadyo oo kicin kara hoos u dhigida amino acid adoo saaraya kooxaha amaanka.
Glucose-6-phosphatase waa hydrolase kaasoo ka saaraya kooxda fosfateate-ka ee glucose-6-fosfate, oo ka tagta glucose iyo H 3 PO 4 .
Decarboxylase Pyruvate waa lyase kaas oo ka saaraya CO 2 laga bilaabo pyruvate.
Ribulose fosfat epimerase waa isomerase oo kicinaysa dhexdhexaadinta ribulose-5-fosfate iyo xylulose-5-fosfate. Iyo, ugu dambeyntii, hexokinaseis a lamid ah oo kicinaysa dhexdhexaadinta gulukooska iyo ATP oo leh glucose-6-fosfate iyo ADP.