Farsamooyinka farsamaynta ee ay soo saareen kuwa wax soo saarku waxay ku xiran yihiin nooca macdanta, iyo weliba arrimaha kale ee dhaqaalaha iyo deegaanka. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, 80 boqolkiiba wax soo saarka naxaasta caalamka laga soo saaro ilaha sulfide.
Iyadoo aan loo eegin nooca furka, hadhuudhka macdanta leh waa in marka hore la isku daraa si looga saaro burcadda, qalabka aan loo baahnayn ee ku jira mooska.
Talaabada koowaad ee geeddi-socodkani waa burburinta iyo budada budada ah ee kubbadda ama ul.
Dhuxulada Sulfide
Dhaqdhaqaaqa dhammaan maaddada naxwaha nooca sulfide-type, oo ay ku jiraan chalcocite (Cu 2 S), chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ) iyo cajalado (CuS), waxaa lagu daaweeyaa smelting.
Kadib markaad mashiinka ku jajabisid budo qurub ah, waxaa markaa lagu daraa macmacaan, taas oo u baahan in la isku qaso mashiinka budada ah ee leh reagayaasha oo isku dhafan leh copper si ay u sameeyaan hydrophobic. Isku darka ayaa markaa lagu maydhaa biyaha iyo weelka xumbo, kaas oo ku dhiirri-galiya wax-qabad.
Diyaarada hawada waxaa lagu shubaa xayawaanka biyaha lagu sameeyo oo ku daboolaya qaybta kiniiniga ah ee kaneecada biyaha ah ee dusha sare. Maraq, oo ka kooban 30% copper, 27 boqolkiiba macdanta birta iyo 33% sulfur, ayaa dildilaacay oo loo qaaday dabka.
Haddii dhaqaale ahaan, nijaarada yaryar ee laga yaabo in laga helo xashiishka, molybdenum , hogaamin , dahab iyo lacag , ayaa sidoo kale laga baaraandegi karaa oo laga saari karaa waqtigaan iyada oo loo marayo isku-dhafka xaglaha.
Heerkulka udhaxeeya 932-1292 ° F (500-700 ° C), inta badan ka mid ah maaddada baaruudda ah ee dabiiciga ah waxaa lagu gubay gaasta sulfide, taas oo keentay isku dhafka kareemka ah ee bakoorka iyo sulfide.
Dheecaannada waxaa lagu daraa copper calcine, taas oo hadda ku dhowaad 60 boqolkiiba saafi, ka hor inta mar kale kululaato, wakhtigan waa 2192 ° F (1200 C ° C).
Heerkarkan, silica iyo hargabka cawsku wuxuu isku daraa xeryahooda aan loo baahnayn, sida oksit ferri ah, oo u keen dusha sare si ay u noqoto mid liitaa. Isku darka soo haray waa bakteeriyo sulfide ah oo loo yaqaan 'matte'.
Tallaabada xigta ee habka wax lagu kariyo waa in oksidise matteeraha dareeraha ah si looga saaro birta iyo mar kale, si ay u gubaan waxyaabaha sulfide sida kookheer dioxide. Natiijadu waxay ka dhigan tahay 97-99 boqolkiiba karka karka. Ereyga 'bucliiqda bakeeriga' waxay ka timaadaa xumbo ay soo saarto sulfur dioxide dusha sare ee naxaasta.
Si loo soo saaro koodhadhka macdanta ee kumbuyuutarka, maarriga kiriimka ah waa in marka hore la geliyo anodyada laguna daaweeyo electrolytically. Baqshiinka taangiyada naxaasta sulfate iyo sulfuric acid, oo ay weheliyaan xaashi cad oo ka sameysan kareemka cathode, naxaasta balaashadu waxay noqonaysaa anode ee unug galvanik ah. Qaar ka mid ah alaarooyinka birta ah ee cathode waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa marinnada qaar, sida Rio Tinto's Kennecott Copper Mine ee Utah.
Sida hadda la soo saaro, umuliyayaashu waxay bilaabaan inay u soo guuraan cathode, ama xaashi bilowga ah, taas oo ka dhigan 99.9-99.99% kathode copper pure.
Horumarinta Oxide Ore iyo SX / EW
Ka dib markaad burburiso mashiinnada birta ah ee bakoorka ah, sida yarurit (2CuCO 3 · Cu (OH) 3), brochantite (CuSO 4 ), chrysolla (CuSiO 3 · 2H 2 O) iyo cu2 (Cu2O), sulfuric acid dilaacay dusha sare ee waxyaallaha cayayaanka ama suufka cayayaanka.
Sida aysiidhku u xoqeen mashiinka, waxa lagu daraa copper, soo saarida xal sulfate ah oo daciif ah.
Nidaamka loogu yeero 'uurka' (ama caanaha uurka leh) ayaa markaa lagu baari karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo geeddi-socodka hydrometallurgical loo yaqaan 'extractive solvent' iyo electro-winning (ama SX-EW).
Ka-soo-bixinta wax ku-oolka ah waxaa ka mid ah in laga saaro bakteerka laga helo khamriga uurka leh adigoo isticmaalaya dareeraha dabiiciga ah, ama soo saaraha. Inta lagu jiro falcelintaan, ions ion waxa lagu beddelay ion-yada biiyaha, taas oo u oggolaanaysa xalinta acid in dib loo soo celiyo oo dib loogu isticmaalo geeddi-socodka barashada.
Xalka aalkolka qani ku ah ayaa markaa loo wareejinayaa taangigga elektaroolitiga halkaasoo qaybta korontada ku shaqeynayso ee geedi socodku uu dhacayo. Xakamaynta korontada, ative copper waxay ka soo baxaan xalka si ay ugu dhajiyaan koodhadhka macdanta laga sameeyo ee ka sameysan foorno naxaas leh.
Waxyaabaha kale ee laga yaabo inay ku jiraan xalka, sida dahab, lacag, platinum , selenium iyo tellurium , waxay ku urursan yihiin hoose ee taangiga 'slimes' waxaana dib loo soo celin karaa iyada oo loo marayo hawlgab dheeraad ah.
Koodhadhka macdanta ee electro-ga ayaa ah mid ka siman ama ka sarreeya marka loo eego kuwa wax soo saara, laakiin waxay u baahan yihiin hal rubuc saddex meelood meel halbeegga tamarta halbeeg wax soo saar.
Horumarinta SX-EW waxay u oggolaatay soo saaridda bakteeriyada meelaha aan sulfuric acid aan la heli karin ama aan laga soo saari karin sulfur gudaha gudniinka macdanta ah, iyo sidoo kale macdanta qubeyska ee sulfide oo laga helay oksijiinta soo saarka hawada ama bakteeriyada qalabka qashinka ah ee horay loo soo tuuray ee aan la shaqeynin.
Copper kale ayaa laga yaabaa in laga soo saari xal ka mid ah xaamilada iyada oo loo marayo sibidhka iyada oo la isticmaalayo birta duudduuban. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani waxay soo saartaa naxaas aan ka yarayn SX-EW, sidaa daraadeed, marar badan ayaa loo shaqeeyaa.
In-Situ Leaching (ISL)
In-situ leaching ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalay in lagu soo celiyo copper meelo ku haboon kaydinta macdanta.
Hannaankani wuxuu ku lugleeyaa ceelasha qulqulaya iyo bamgareynta xal xakamaysan - badanaaba sulfuric ama hydrochloric acid - jidhka badarka. Dhalintu waxay kala dirtaa macdanta macdanta ka hor inta aan dib loo soo celin iyada oo ceelasha labaad. Cabbiraad dheeraad ah oo la isticmaalayo isticmaalka SX-EW ama macdanta kiimikada waxay soo saartaa kathod copper la iibsado.
ISL waxaa badanaa lagu qabtaa makiinada yar ee hoose ee macdanta oo ku jirta jajabyada dhabarka ah (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan ' stope leaching' ) oo ku yaal meelaha miinooyinka dhulka hoostiisa ah.
Maaddooyinka naxaasta ugu badan ee la isku halleyn karo ISL waxaa ka mid ah miro-karotamiin iyo malakite, iyo sidoo kale tenorite iyo chrysocolla.
Wax soo saarka miinada ee caalamiga ah ayaa lagu qiyaasay qiimaynta cilmi-baarista ee Maraykanka ee Geological Analysis si loo gaaro 16.1 malyan oo metrik ah 2011-kii. Ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee naxaasku waa Chile, oo soo saarta qiyaastii saddex meelood hal meel oo dunida ah. Waxyaabaha kale ee wax soo saaraya waxaa ka mid ah US, China, iyo Peru.
Iyada oo ay sabab u tahay qiimaha sarreeya ee macdanta saafiga ah, qayb weyn oo ka mid ah wax soosaarka macdanta ayaa hadda ka timaadda ilaha dib loo rogay. Dalka Mareykanka, copper dib loo rogay ayaa lagu qiyaasay ilaa 32 boqolkiiba sahayda sanadlaha ah. Guud ahaan, lambarkan waxaa lagu qiyaasay in uu ku dhawaado boqolkiiba 20.
Shirkadda ugu weyn ee macdanta ee caalamiga ah waa shirkadda gobolka Chile ee Codelco. Codelco waxay soo saartey 1.76 malyan metrik ton oo ah copper wax lagu rido sannadkii 2010, ama ilaa 11% wadarta guud ee waxsoosaarka caalamka. Waxyaabaha kale ee wax soo saarka leh waxaa ka mid ah Freeport-McMoran Copper & Gold Inc., BHP Billiton Ltd. , iyo Xstrata Plc .
Ilaha
Schoolcience.co.uk Copper - Qaybta Muhiimka ah. Maarshaha Copper
URL: http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/cda/14-16/cumining/copch2pg2.html
Wikipedia. Tiknoolajiyada Qodobka Kala-saarista.
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_extraction
Ururka Horumarinta Birta. Wax soo saarka.
URL: https://www.copper.org/education/copper-production/