Cobalt waa muraayad dhalaalaysa, bir ah oo gaduud ah oo loo isticmaalo soo saarida adag, koronto iyo alaabyada kuleylka u adkaysta, magnets joogto ah iyo birta adag.
Guryaha
- Calaamadaha Atomic: Co
- Atomic Number: 27
- Atomic Mass: 58.93g / mol
- Xulashada Qaybta: Biraha kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 8.86g / cm 3 at 20 ° C
- Calaamadinta dhibicda: 2723 ° F (1495 ° C)
- Kuleylka: 5301 ° F (2927 ° C)
- Mohs Hardness: 5
Astaamaha
Birta cagaarka leh ee casaanka ah ayaa jaban, waxay leedahay boodh sareysa oo lagu qiimeeyo iska-caabbinta iyo awoodda ay ku difaacdo heerkulkiisa sare.
Waa mid ka mid ah saddexda macdan ee macdanta ah ee macdanta ah ( birta iyo nikkelaalka ah labadaba) oo xajistiisa macneheedu waa heerkul sare (2012 ° F, 1100 ° C) oo ka badan mid kasta oo kale. Si kale haddii loo dhigo, cobalt wuxuu leeyahay Curi Point ee ugu sarreeya dhammaan dhuxusha. Cobalt ayaa sidoo kale leh guryaha qiimaha leh
Taariikhda
Ereyga kobaltadu wuxuu dib ugu soo laabanayaa jarmalka qarnigii koobaad ee jarmalka kobold , oo macnihiisu yahay goblka, ama maskax xun. Kobold waxaa loo isticmaalay in lagu sharaxo caleenta caleenta ah, iyadoo lagu dhufanayo maaddada lacagtooda, waxay bixisay seddexda arsenic trioxide.
Codsigii ugu horreeyay ee cobalt wuxuu ahaa xeryo loo isticmaalo buluugga buluugga ah ee dhejiska, dhalooyinka, iyo glazes. Masaarida Masar iyo Baabilooniga ah ee la yiraahdo xayawaanka ceelka ayaa dib loo celin karaa ilaa 1450 BC
Sanadkii 1735, farmashiistaha Iswidan Georg Brandt ayaa ahaa kii ugu horeeyay ee ka soocaya waxyaabaha ka yimaada macdanta. Waxa uu muujiyay in suufka buluuga ahi uu ka soo kacayay Cobalt, ma aha arsenic ama bismuth sida astaamihii asal ahaan la rumaysan yahay.
Kadib markii go'doonkeeda, biraha kobartu uu ahaa mid dhif ah oo aan loo isticmaalin illaa qarnigii 20aad.
Muddo yar ka dib 1900, ganacsade baabuur ganacsade Maraykan ah Elwood Haynes ayaa sameeyay horumar cusub oo loo yaqaan 'corrosion corrosion corrosion corrosion dyeing', kaas oo loo yaqaano qulqulka. Patent in 1907, allsaydhka steel waxaa ku jira kobcinta sare iyo chromium sareysa oo gabi ahaanba aan ahayn maan-geddis.
Horumar kale oo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay cobalt ayaa la yimid abuurista aluminium -nikel-cobalt (AlNiCo) magnets 1940s. AlniCo magnets ayaa ahaa bedelkii koowaad ee elektromagnetiyada. Sannadkii 1970-kii, warshadaha waxaa lagu beddelay horumarinta magnetsum-cobalt magnets, taas oo horey u bixisay cufnaanta tamarta tamarta.
Muhiimadda warshadaha ee kobcinta ayaa keentay Dhaqdhaqaaqa Midawga London (LME) ee soo saarista qandaraasyada cakla ee sannadka 2010.
Wax soo saarka
Cobalt ayaa si dabiici ah u dhacda marxalado nikkel-siderid ah iyo kaydka nikkel-copper sulfide iyo, sidaas awgeed, waxaa badanaa laga soo saaraa alaab asikab ah oo ah nikkel iyo naxaas. Sida laga soo xigtay Machadka Horumarinta Cobalt, 48% wax soo saarka kalluunka ayaa ka yimid macdanta nikkel, 37% oo ka soo baxa macdanta iyo 15% ka soo soo saarka koboca kowaad.
Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee kobaltadu waa kobaltitit, erythrite, glaucodot, iyo skutterudite.
Farsamada soo saaridda ee loo isticmaalo si loo soo saaro biraha caato ee la safeeyey waxay ku xiran tahay in maaddada quudinta ay tahay qaab (1) copper-cobalt sulfide, (2) xajinta kobalt-nikkel sulfide, (3) arsenide ore ama (4) nikkel-laterite macaadin:
- Ka dib markii koodhka copper laga soo saaro kobalt-ku jira bakteeriyada naxaasta ah, kobcin, weheliso waxyaabo kale oo aan nadiif ahayn, ayaa laga tagay korontada. Xasaasiyad (birta, nikkel, copper, zinc ) ayaa laga saaraa, kobaltuna waxa ay ku dhex jirtaa qaabkeeda hydroxide iyadoo la isticmaalayo lime. Biraha kobaltka ayaa markaa laga yaabaa in lagu nadiifiyo tani iyadoo la isticmaalayo electrolysis, ka hor inta aan la jajabin oo nadiifin si ay u soo saaraan bir ah macdanta saafiga ah.
- Kalluunka ku jira kiimikada 'nikel sulfide' waxaa lagu daaweeyaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka Sherritt, oo lagu magacaabo Sherrit Gordon Mines Ltd. (hadda Sherritt International). Nidaamkan, dufanka sulfide oo ka kooban wax ka yar 1% caleenta ayaa cadaadis saaraya heerkulka sare ee xalka ammonia. Labada bakteer iyo nickel labadaba labadoodaba ayaa laga saarey qaybo ka mid ah geeddi-socodka yareynta kiimikada, oo kaliya ka tagaya nikkel iyo kobcinta sulfide. Cadaadiska cadaadiska leh hawada, sulfuric acid, iyo ammonia waxay ka soo kabtaa nickel ka hor inta budada kobartinka lagu daro sidii farcan si ay u dhisto kobalt ah jawiga gaasta ah ee gaaska.
- Meelaha Arsenide ayaa la dubay si looga saaro inta badan oksaydhka arsenic. Ka dibna waxaa laga daaweeyaa hydrochloric acid iyo chlorine, ama leh sulfuric acid, si loo abuuro xalka bacda lagu nadiifiyo. Laga soo bilaabo kobaltadan waxaa lagu soo celiyaa korontada ama duufanta karantiilka.
- Soduric-ka dambe ee Nikel-cobalt ayaa laga yaabaa in la dhalaaliyo oo la kala saaro farsamooyinka pyrometallurgical ama farsamooyinka hydrometallurgical, kuwaas oo isticmaala xalalka sulfuric acid ama ammonia leach.
Sida laga soo xigtay cilmibaadhista US Geological (USGS), waxsoosaarka caalamiga ah ee kobartu wuxuu ahaa 88,000 ton oo sannadkii 2010. Dalalka ugu badan ee dhirta kalluumeysiga ee xilligaas ayaa ahaa Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiga ah ee Kongo (45,000 tons), Zambia (11,000) iyo Shiinaha (6,200 ).
Dib-u-celinta kobaltu waxay inta badan ka dhacdaa meel ka baxsan dalka halkaasoo laga soo saaro qasriga ama ceelka. Sanadkii 2010, wadamada soo saara kobcinta ugu weyn ee kobcinta cagaarka ayaa ahaa China (33,000 tons), Finland (9,300) iyo Zambia (5,000). Kalluumeysatada ugu weyn ee kobcinta cagaarka ah waxaa ka mid ah OM Group, Sherritt International, Xstrata Nickel iyo Jinchuan Group.
Araajida
Superalloys, sida soodhaweynta, waa macaamiisha ugu weyn ee birta cobalt, oo lagu xisaabtamo ilaa 20% baahida. Inta badan waxaa laga sameeyaa birta, kumbalt iyo nikkel, laakiin ay ku jiraan maadooyin kale oo yar, oo ay ku jiraan chromium , tungsten , aluminium iyo titanium , kuwan suuqyada waxtarka leh waxay u adkeysanayaan heerkul sarreeya, koronto iyo xirasho, waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro wareejinta makiinadaha jetaalka, qalabka adag ee adag ee mashiinka mashiinka mashiinka mashiinka, qalabka dabka lagu xiro, iyo qalabka qoriga.
Isticmaal kale oo muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay cobalt wuxuu ku jiraa dharka u adkeysanaya (eg Vitallium), kaas oo laga heli karo maqaarka ilkaha iyo ilkaha, iyo sidoo kale hindhisyada iyo jilbaha.
Hardmetals, kaas oo kobaltada loo isticmaalo sidii qalab wax qabad ah, waxay u isticmaalaan qiyaastii 12% wadarta isku darka guud. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah carbides iyo qalabka elmas oo loo isticmaalo jarida qalabka iyo macdanta macdanta.
Kobalt ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro magnets joogto ah, sida horay loogu soo sheegey AlniCo iyo samarium-cobalt magnets. Magnets waxay u dhigantaa 7% dalabka bir ah ee kumbaltka waxaana loo isticmaalaa warbaahinta miyuusikada, korontada korontada, iyo sidoo kale generator.
Inkasta oo loo adeegsanayo isticmaalka badan ee biraha cagaaran, dalabyada koowaad ee cobalt waxay ku jiraan qaybta kiimikada, taas oo ka dhigan kala badh wadarta wadarta guud ee dalabka. Kiimikooyinka kobaltada waxaa lagu isticmaalaa koodhka mitirka ee batariyada dib loo rakibi karo, iyo sidoo kale kalluumeysatada kiimikada, muraayadaha dhoobada, iyo muraayadaha quraaradaha.
Ilaha:
Young, Roland S. Cobalt . New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. 1948.
Davis, Joseph R. ASM Buug-gacmeedka Gaarka ah: Nikel, Kobalt, iyo Alloys . ASM International: 2000.
Darton Commodities Ltd: Qiimaynta Kobaltada Kobalt 2009