Maadada chromium ayaa sida ugu badan loo aqoonsadaa isticmaalka mashiinka chromium (taas oo badanaa loo yaqaan 'chrome'), laakiin isticmaalka ugu weyn wuxuu ka mid yahay qayb ka mid ah biraha aan la macaanayn . Codsiyada labadaba waxay ka faa'iideystaan jaantuska chromium, caabbinta korontada , iyo kartida loo qurxiyo muuqaalka muuqaalka leh.
Guryaha
- Calaamadaha Atomic: Cr
- Nambal Atom: 24
- Atomic Mass: 51.996g / mol 1
- Xulashada Qaybta: Birta kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 7.19g / cm 3 at 20 ° C
- Dhul-barta: 3465 ° F (1907 ° C)
- Kuleylka: 4840 ° F (2671 ° C)
- Moh's Hardness: 5.5
Astaamaha
Chromium waa bir adag oo cufan ah oo lagu qiimeeyo iska caabin aan la taaban karin oo la taaban karo. Chromium Pure waa macquul iyo jaban, laakiin marka la qaloociyo waxaa laga dhigi karaa mid cidhiidhi ah oo loo naqshadeeyo dhalaalaya, dherjir ah.
Chromium ayaa magaceeda ka bixiya khrōma, erayga Griigga ah ee macnaha midabka, sababtoo ah awooda ay u leedahay soo saarida xayawaan, midab leh midab leh, sida oksijiinta chrome.
Taariikhda
Sanadkii 1797, farmashii Faransiis Nicolas-Louis Vauguelin wuxuu soo saaray biraha ugu horeeya ee koromada chromium by lagu daaweeyo krokonite (macdanta chromium-ku jirta) leh carbonate-ka ka dibna ka dibna yareeya natiijada chromic acid leh carbon kaabiga casriga ah.
Inkasta oo xeryahooda chromium loo isticmaalo dhoobada iyo rinjiyeyaasha kumanaan sanadood, ma aheyn ilaa ilaa si fiican ka dib markii Vauguelin uu ogaaday in isticmaalka chromium ee codsiyada biraha ay bilaabeen inay horumaraan.
Dhamaadkii 19aad iyo qarnigii 20-aad, maaddooyinka maaddooyinka yurubiyanka ah ee Europe waxay si firfircoon u tijaabiyeen alaabooyinka birta ah, iyagoo isku dayaya inay soo saaraan biraha adag ee adag.
Sanadkii 1912, markii uu ka shaqeynayay shaybaarada Firth Brown ee UK, maadjireyaha Harry Brearley waxaa loo xilsaaray in uu helo biraha adag ee xoog loo isticmaalo.
Wuxuu ku daray chromium, kaas oo loo yaqaanay in uu leeyahay boodh aad u sarreeya, oo leh birta qiiqa ee dhaqameedka, kaas oo soo saara birta birta ah ee aan saliidda lahayn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waqti isku mid ah, kuwo kale, oo ay ku jiraan Elwood Haynes oo ku yaal Maraykanka iyo injineernayaasha Krupp ee Jarmalka, ayaa sidoo kale ku kordhay dhirta birta ku jirta ee ku jirta kiimikada. Iyada oo la horumarinayo foornada korontada korontada, wax soo saarka weyn ee birta ah ee birta ah ayaa la raacay wax yar ka dib.
Waqtigaas oo kale, cilmi baaris ayaa sidoo kale lagu sameeyay maadooyinka korontada ku shaqeeya, taas oo u oggolaatay biraha dhaadheer, sida birta iyo nikkel , si ay u qaataan jiheentooda dibedda ah ee u adkeysiga iyo korontada, iyo sidoo kale tayada suuxinta. Tilmaamayaasha ugu horeeya ayaa waxay u muuqdeen baabuur iyo saacado badan oo dhammaadkii 1920-kii.
Wax soo saarka
Waxyaabaha korka ku shaqeeyaa waxaa ka mid ah maadada chromium, ferrochrome, kiimikada chromium iyo sanduuqyo daajis ah. Sannadihii ugu danbeeyay, waxaa jiray isbeddel ku yimid isdhexgalka tooska ah ee soo-saarka ee wax soo saarka maadooyinka chromium. Taasi, shirkado badan ayaa ku lug leh macaadinta macdanta chromite sidoo kale waxay ka shaqeyneysaa galaaska birta, ferrochrome iyo, ugu dambeyntii, birta birta ah.
Sanadkii 2010-kii wax-soo-saarka caalamiga ah ee macdanta chromite (FeCr 2 O 4 ), macdanta koowaad ee laga soo saaro soosaarka chromium wuxuu ahaa 25 milyan oo tan.
Waxsoosaarka Ferrochrome wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 7 milyan oo tan, halka wax soo saarka biriijka ah uu ahaa qiyaastii 40,000 tan. Ferrochromium waxaa lagu soo saaraa oo keliya iyadoo la isticmaalayo foorno fiilo koronto leh, halka maaddo chromium laga soo saari karo iyadoo loo marayo hababka elektaroolikalka, silico-thermic iyo aluminothermic.
Inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka ferrochrome, kuleylka ayaa abuuray foorno fiilo koronto, oo gaadhay 5070 ° F (2800 ° C), wuxuu keenaa dhuxul iyo coke si loo yareeyo maadada chromium-ka iyada oo loo marayo fal-celin carbothermik ah. Marka walxo ku filan oo lagu gubo foornada foornada, birta la shubo ayaa la miiray oo la adkeeyay ka hor intaan la burburin.
Aluminothermic waxsoosaarka ugu sarreeya ee birta chromium ee ka badan 95% maaddada chromium soo saarey maanta. Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee geedi socodku waxay u baahan tahay in maadada chromite lagu dubo soodhada iyo lime hawada 2000 ° F (1000 ° C), taas oo abuuraysa sodium chromate oo leh calcine.
Waxaa laga saari karaa walxaha qashinka ka dibna la yareeyo oo qiiqaayo sida qanjirka roodhiga (Cr 2 O 3 ).
Dheriga hoomada ayaa lagu qasi karaa aluminium budada ah oo lagu rido dhoobo dhaadheer. Barium peroxide iyo budada magnesium ayaa markaa ku faafi kara isku dhafka, iskutallaabku wuxuu ku wareegsan yahay ciid (kaas oo u shaqeeya sida rinjiga).
Isku darka ayaa la gubay, taasoo keentay in oksijiin laga soo qaado oksijiin ka soo horjeeda aluminium si uu u soo saaro aluminium aluminium ah, sidaas darteedna wuxuu xor u yahay birta birta ah ee birta ah kaas oo ah 97-99% saafi.
Sida laga soo xigtay tirakoobyada sahaminta Maraykanka ee cilmi-baarista (Geological Survey), dadka ugu waawayn ee hodheere ka soo qaada 2009 ayaa ahaa Koonfurta Afrika (33%), India (20%), iyo Kazakhstan (17%). Shirkadaha soo saara shirkadaha waaweyn ee waaweyn waxay ka mid yihiin Xstrata , Eurasian Resources Resources Corp. (Kazakhstan), Samancor (Koonfur Afrika), iyo Hernic Ferrochrome (Koonfur Afrika).
Araajida
Sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Horumarinta Caalamiga ah ee Chromium, oo ah wadarta roodhida roodhida ah ee laga soo saaro 2009, 95.2% ayaa la wadaagay warshadaha maaddooyinka maaddooyinka maaddada maaddooyinka, 3.2% oo ka mid ah warshadaha caydhoobay iyo kuwa danyarta, iyo 1.6% oo ay soo saareen kiimiko. Isticmaalada ugu weyn ee chromium waxay ku jiraan birta aan qallajiska lahayn, birta la jarjaray, iyo fuubyada aan cagaarka ahayn.
Dhuxuladaha aan dhicin waxay tixraacayaan noocyo badan oo birta ah oo ku jira 10% ilaa 30% miisaanka (miisaanka) iyo kuwa aan ku dhicin ama uumi si fudud sida biraha caadiga ah. Inta udhaxeysa 150 iyo 200 noocyo kala duwan oo birta ah ayaa jira, inkastoo kaliya 10% oo kuwan la isticmaalo.
Ilaha:
Sully, Arthur Henry, iyo Eric A. Brandes. Chromium . London: Butterworths, 1954.
Jidka, Arthur. & Alexander, WO 1944. Metals ee Adeegga Man . Taariikhda 11aad (1998).
Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Horumarinta Chromium (ICDA).
Waxaa laga soo xigtey: www.icdacr.com
Chromium Superalloy Magacyada Ganacsiga
| Magaca Ganacsiga | Maadada Chromium (% Circa) |
|---|---|
| Hastelloy-X® | 22 |
| WI-52® | 21 |
| Waspaloy® | 20 |
| Nimonic® | 20 |
| IN-718® | 19 |
| Suxuun aan Suxuumeynin | 17-25 |
| Inconel® | 14-24 |
| Udimet-700® | 15 |