Hel macluumaad ku saabsan Guryaha, Taariikhda, Soo saarista Dhuxul Buugan
Bismuth waa bir ah silvery iyo birta gaduud ah oo inta badan laga helo dhirta yar-yar. Baahida loogu talagalay biraha bismuth ayaa koray 20kii sanno ee ugu dambeeyay qeyb weyn oo ay sabab u tahay isticmaalka waxtarka leh ee bedelka macdanta .
Guryaha:
- Calaamadda Atomiga: Bi
- Atomic Number: 83
- Xulashada Qaybta: Qalabka ka-dambeeya ee wareega
- Cufnaanta: 9.78 g / cm 3 (20 ° C)
- Barta Dhexda: 272 ° F (521 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 1564 ° F (2847 ° C)
- Moh's Hardness: 2.25
Calaamadaha:
Bismuth waa bir ah jajab, silvery-cagaaran oo leh heer kulul oo hooseeya iyo culeys xad dhaaf ah.
Inaad noqoto mid deggan oo aan sun ahayn, bismuth badanaa ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii loo beddeli karo biraha sunta ah sida antimony, cadmium, lead, iyo meerkuri .
Sida biyaha, Bismuth waa cufan yahay mid adag oo ka mid ah dareeraha (waxay ku ballaarantaa sidii ay qaboojiso), hanti gaar ah oo bir ah. Dhamaan walxaha birta, bismuth waxay sidoo kale leedahay difaac sare ee korontada iyo heerkulbeegga ugu hooseeya (marka laga reebo meerkuriga), iyo sidoo kale Horyaalka ugu sareeya ee kor u kaca (kor u qaadista caabbinta korontada marka la dhigo aag magnet).
Taariikhda:
Bismuth waxaa markii hore la aqoonsaday inta lagu guda jiray qarniyadii dhexe, laakiin, iyada oo aan jirin karti u leh in lagu xiro biraha waxaa badanaa lagu wareersan yahay buunshaha , hoggaaminta, antimoon iyo zinc . Sanadkii 1450, jarmalku Basil Valentine wuxuu markii ugu horaysay u sameeyay tixraac, ama "lead lead", oo markii dambe la dhigi lahaa Latemed sida bisemutum .
Ka saarista Bismuth ee loogu talagalay isticmaalka pigments wuxuu bilowdey bilawgii qarnigii 15aad ee miinooyinka lacagta ee Schönberg, Jarmalka. Bartamihii qarnigii 18aad, cilmi-baaris uu sameeyay Johan Heinrich Pott iyo Claude Geoffroy waxay keeneen faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan bismuth iyo hantidiisa gaarka ah.
Dhakhaatiirta caafimaadku waxay ahaayeen, waqtigan, sidoo kale waxay ogaadaan habka faa'iidooyinka bismuth ee daaweynta xaaladaha gastric.
Isticmaalkii ugu horreeyay ee metalluriga ee bismuth waxay ku jiraan dhirta qashin qubka, halkaasoo loo isticmaalo sunta rasaasta iyo qaaliga ah si loo yareeyo heerkulka dhalaalka, iyo walxaha leh antimoni ee daabacaada birta daabacan.
Kobcin weyn oo loo geystay warshadaha bismiska ayaa yimid bartamihii 1990-meeyadii iyada oo la beddelay Qodobka Badbaadinta Biyaha Biyaha Badbaadada ah (1995), taas oo mamnuucday jiritaanka hogaanka cabitaanka biyaha ee Maraykanka. 20-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, dhaqdhaqaaqa hoggaanku wuxuu keeney in uu korsado Bismuth badanaa codsiyada.
Wax soosaarka:
Bismuth badanaa waxay ku dhacdaa dabiiciga ah ee sulfide ama bismuthinite (Bi2S3) ama oxyed Bismite (Bi2O3). Si kastaba ha noqotee, saarida walaxahaas oo kaliya kaliya mawduuciisa bismuth waa dhif iyo dhaqaale ahaan, bismuth waa, halkii ugu horaysay ee loo soo saaro sida soo-saarka sunta rasaasta. Dalka Shiinaha, tiro badan oo bismuth ah ayaa sidoo kale laga soo saaraa tungsten , daasad iyo jinni.
Soo saarida biraha bismuth ee laga helo macdanta ayaa badanaa ka dhacda mid ka mid ah laba qaybood; habka Betterton-Kroll ama Habka Betts.
Nidaamka Betterton-Kroll wuxuu ka soocaa bismuudka ledhka iyada oo loo marayo dejinta kalsiyum ama magnesium galay xal la isku shiilay ee hogaanka iyo bismuth. Calcium ama magnesium bismuthide, oo ka yaraata tan ka soo baxda macdanta birta ah waxay u egtahay in kor u kaca daaqada (nadiifin adag) kadibna waa laga saari karaa. Kadibna waxaa loola dhaqmaa koloriin heerkulkiisu yahay 572-932 ° F (380-500 ° C) si aad uga saarto magnesium ama calcium.
Nadaafad sare oo bismuth ah ayaa la soo saaraa daaweyn ka dib markii loo isticmaalo sodium hydroxide.
Geedi socodka Betts wuxuu ku lugleeyaa qalabka elektarooliga ee dib u habaynta bulaacada. Xalalka kaniiniga ah, taarikada macdanta macdanta leh ee saafiga ah ee dul-saaraha, halka xayawaannada, oo ay ku jiraan bismuth, degaan hoose ee markabka. Qalabka dhoobada ee birta ah ayaa la dhalaali karaa si loo soo saaro alaabo bir ah iyo cufur hodan ah, kaas oo markaa la yareeyo kaarboonka si loo soo saaro birta bismuth.
Dalka Shiinaha, xoogaa isku dhafan oo ka mid ah bismuth waxaa lagu soo saaraa caleenta, kala soocida magnetic iyo / ama farsamooyinka farsamada kala duwan. Mowduucyada ayaa markaa la dhuuqaa si ay u soo saaraan bismuth cufan si ay u kariyaan.
Wadamada ugu waawayn ee soo saarista Bismuth waa Shiinaha, Peru, Mexico (caato ah oo la safeeyey) iyo Belgium. Sannadka 2013, Sahanka Maraykanka ee Geological-ka ayaa lagu qiyaasay inuu adduunka caalamku ku nadiifiyay waxsoosaarka bismuth inuu noqdo qiyaastii 17,000 metrik ton.
Tani, waxsoosaarkii Shiinaha wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii boqolkiiba 90. Iyadoo in ka badan 70 mines mines, Shiinaha ayaa sidoo kale ku jira inta badan kaydka kaydka caalamiga ah.
Badeecadaha waawayn ee Bismuth waxaa ka mid ah Kooxda Horumarinta Xoolaha (Shiinaha), Shizhuyuan Nonferrous (Shiinaha), Penoles (Mexico), Sidech (Belgium), iyo MCP (UK).
Codsiyada:
Sababtoo ah bismuth ee brittleness, foomamka saafi ah ee biraha aan loo isticmaalin codsiyada maaddooyinka. Hase yeeshee, waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii looxa macdanta ah ee copper , aluminium , birta iyo birta sida beddelka loogu talagalay hogaanka iyo in ay ku adkaato oo samayso alaabooyin badan oo la miiri karo.
Ilaha:
Elementimology & Qodobbada Multidict. Bismuth.
http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Bi
Sahanka Cilmi-baadhista Mareykanka. Bismuth.
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/bismuth/