Waa maxay titanium?
Guryaha
- Calaamadaha Atomic: Ti
- Nambarada Iskuulka: 22
- Xulashada Qaybta: Birta kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 4.506 / cm3
- Barta Dhexda: 3034 ° F (1668 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 5949 ° F (3287 ° C)
- Moh's Hardness: 6
Astaamaha
Sumeeyayaasha ay ku jiraan titanium ayaa loo yaqaanaa awoodooda, miisaankoodu yar yahay, iyo adkeysiga korantada ee ka baxsan.
Inkasta oo uu yahay mid xooggan oo birta ah, titanium wuxuu qiyaastii 40% miisaan culus, taas oo ay weheliso iska-caabbinta cavitation iyo nabaad-guurka, wuxuu ka dhigayaa bir ah qaab dhismeed oo muhiim u ah injineerada aerospace.
Titanium sidoo kale waa mid aad u adag in ay ka soo horjeesato inay ka hortagto warbaahinta biyaha iyo kiimikada. Tani waxay tan sameysaa iyadoo lakabinaysa lakab khafiif ah oo ah titanium dioxide (TiO2) dusha sare taas oo aad ugu adag in alaabtani ay gasho.
Haysashada habdhismeedka hooseeya ee "elasticity" micnaheedu waa in titanyumku aanu ahayn mid aad u jilicsan, laakiin wuxuu ku noqdaa muuqaalkiisa asalka ah ka dib markii uu qoorta, taasoo keentay in muhiimada ay tahay inuu qaabeeyo alaabooyinka xasuusta.
Titanium waa mid aan macquul ahayn oo biqi la mid ah (aan sun ahayn, aan xasaasiyad ahayn), taas oo keentay isticmaalka sii kordhaya ee daaweynta.
Taariikhda
Isticmaalka birta ah titanium, qaab kasta, waxa kaliya oo la soo saaray kadib dagaalkii labaad ee aduunka.
Xaqiiqdii, titanyum ma ahayn mid bir ah sida birta ilaa kiistii Maraykanku Matthew Hunter soo saaray iyadoo la yareeyo titaniyam tetrachloride (TiCl4) oo leh sodium 1910; Habka hadda loo yaqaan hanaanka Hunter.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax soo saarka ganacsiga, hase yeeshee, ma uusan imaan illaa iyo markii William Justin Kroll uu muujiyay in titanium laga yaabo in laga yareeyo chloride iyadoo la isticmaalayo magnesium 1930s.
Habka Kroll waa habka ugu muhiimsan ee wax soosaarka ganacsiga ilaa maanta.
Ka dib markii habka wax-soo-saarka wax-ku-oolka ah loo kobciyay, isticmaalka ugu horreeya ee titanium wuxuu ahaa diyaarad militari. Labada dayuuradood ee Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanku iyo gawaarida (sida Alpha Sovet Alpha iyo Mike Class submarines iyo USAF F100 Super Saber iyo Lockheed A-12) oo loogu talagalay 1950 iyo 1960-kii waxay bilaabeen in ay isticmaalaan daawooyinka titanium. Horraantii 1960-meeyadii, titanium alloys waxay bilaabeen inay isticmaalaan shirkadaha tikidhada diyaaradaha.
Meelaha caafimaadka, gaar ahaan dhakhtarka ilkaha iyo nacaybka, ayaa u muuqday faa'iido u leh titaniga ka dib markii dhakhtarka iswiidhishka ee Per-Ingvar Brånemark ee la xidhiidhay 1950-kii, wuxuu muujiyay in tinantiisu aysan wax jawaab ah ka helin bini-aadanka, taasoo u oggolaanaysa biraha inuu dhexgalo jirkeena osseointegration loo yaqaan.
Wax soo saarka
Inkasta oo titanium yahay midka afaraad ee ugu caansan dhulalka qolofta (ka dambeysa aluminium , birta , iyo magnesium), wax soo saarka birta ah ee titanium ayaa aad u xasaasi u ah faddaraynta, gaar ahaan oksijiin, taas oo ka dhigaysa horumarkeeda hore iyo qiimaha sare.
Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka titanium waa ilmenite, taas oo qiyaastii 90% wax soo saarka, iyo rutile, taas oo u dhiganta 10% haray.
Qiyaastii 6.3 malyan oo tan oo ah miisaanka macdanta ee titanium ayaa la soo saaray sanadkii 2010, inkastoo kaliya jajab yar (qiyaastii 5%) ee maaddada titanium soo saartey sanad walba ugu dambeyntii dhamaato birta titanium. Bedelkeeda, badankood waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka titanium dioxide (TiO2), oo ah midabka cad ee loo isticmaalo rinjiga, cuntada, dawooyinka, iyo qurxinta.
Talaabada ugu horreysa ee geedi socodka Kroll, dhirta titanium waxaa la jajabiyaa oo la kululeeyaa dhuxusha dhuxusha ee jawiga koloriin si ay u keento titaniyam tetrachloride (TiCl4). Chloride ayaa markaa la qabtaa waxaana loo diraa kondenser, kaas oo soo saaro dareeraha "titanium chloride" kaas oo ka badan 99% saafi.
Titanium tetrachloride ayaa markaa si toos ah loogu diraa maraakiibta leh magnesium. Si looga fogaado faddarada oksajiinta, tan ayaa la sameeyaa iyada oo la raacayo gaaska argon.
Inta lagu jiro nidaamka xasaasiga ah ee soo socda, oo qaadan kara maalmo dhowr ah, markabku wuxuu kululaa 1832 ° F (1000 ° C). Magnesium wuxuu ka soo horjeedaa chloride titanium, ka saarista chloride iyo soo saaro titanyum elemental iyo magnesium chloride.
Titanium khafiif ah oo la soo saaro natiijo waxaa loo yaqaannaa spande titanium. Si loo soo saaro alaabooyinka titanium iyo nadiifinta sarifka titanium, tufaaxa titanium waxaa lagu dhalaali karaa walxaha kala duwan ee aloeinging iyadoo la isticmaalayo fiilo elektaroonig ah, faasloomo ama fuuq-dheecaan.
In rajada ah in la yareeyo kharashyada soo saarista titanium, elektrolritik iyo hababka kale ee lagu soo saaro biraha titanium ayaa sii wadda in si firfircoon loo baaro.
Sababtoo ah dabeecaddiisa istiraatiijiga ah, tirakoobka wax soo saarka birta titanium way adkaan kartaa inuu yimaado. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa lagu qiyaasay in wax soo saarka geedka titanka ee adduunku uu ahaa qiyaastii 150,000 tan oo sanadkii 2010kii. Dalalka ugu ballaadhan waa Shiinaha, Japan, Russia, Kazakhstan iyo Mareykanka. Soo saaraha buluugyada waaweyn ee titanium waxaa ka mid ah VSMPO (Russia), Titanium Metals Corp. (USA), RTI Intl. (USA), Fushun Jinming Titanium Industry (China), Luoyang Sunrui Wayi Titanium Co. (China) iyo Osaka Titanium Technology Co. (Japan).
Araajida
Waxyaabaha dhoobada ah ee Titanium waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa warshadaha soo socda:
- Aerospace
- Ciidan
- Caafimaadka
- Kiimikada
- Alaabada cayaaraha
Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafey, shirkadaha diyaaradaha ayaa sii kordhaya oo loo rogay titanium oo ah qayb muhiim ah. Laga soo bilaabo isticmaalka kowaad ee bilawgii 1960-yadii, celceliska titanium ee Boeing ee ganacsatada shirkadaha duullimaadka ayaa kor u kacay illaa 2% miisaanka jirka ilaa 15%. More ...
Ilaha
> TIMET Video: Habka Kroll. Waxaa laga heli karaa bogga internetka ee Ururka Titanium International: http://www.titanium.org
Sahanka Cilmi-baadhista Mareykanka: Titanium. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/
Vulcan, Tom. 2010. Titanium: The Iron of the Gods . Hardassetinvestor.com.
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