Qodobka Yar ee Midigta ka caawinaya iftiinka iftiinka iftiinka
Guryaha:
- Calaamadaha Atomic: Ga
- Atomic Number: 31
- Xulashada Qaybta: Qalabka ka-dambeeya ee wareega
- Cufnaanta: 5.91 g / cm³ (73 ° F / 23 ° C)
- Maqaaraynta: 85.58 ° F (29.76 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 3999 ° F (2204 ° C)
- Moh's Hardness: 1.5
Calaamadaha:
Galka halbowlaha ah waa silvery-white wuxuuna dhalaaliyaa heerkulka ka hooseeya 85 ° F (29.4 ° C).
Maaddadu waxay ku jirtaa xaalad khafiif ah illaa 4000 ° F (2204 ° C), iyaga oo siinaya qiyaasta dareeraha ugu badan ee dhammaan walxaha birta.
Gallium waa mid ka mid ah maadooyinka yar yar oo kor u qaadaya maaddaama ay qaboojiso, kordhinta mugga ayadoo ka badan 3%.
Inkasta oo galiyumku si sahal ah u samaysan karo macdano kale oo leh biro kale, waa qallafsanaan , ka soo baxaya qashinka, iyo jilicsanaanta badankeeda. Hase-yeeshee, dhibicda hooseeya ee ay yareyneyso, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ka dhigtaa mid faa'iido leh oo ku jirta dhirta qoyan ee yar.
Marka laga reebo meerkuriga , taas oo sidoo kale dareere ah heerkulka qolka, xayawaanka galiyada labadaba maqaarka iyo muraayadda, taas oo ka dhigeysa mid aad u adag in la xakameeyo. Gallium ma aha mid u dhow sida sun ah oo ah meerkuri.
Taariikhda:
La helay 1875 by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran halka baaritaanka saxaraha loo yaqaan sphalerite, gallium looma adeegsan codsiyada ganacsiga illaa qaybta dambe ee qarniga 20aad.
Gallium waa wax yar oo loo isticmaalo sida biraha dhismaha, laakiin qiimaha ay ku leedahay aalado badan oo elektaroonig ah oo aan casri ahayn lama fahmi karo.
Isticmaalka ganacsiga ee gallium laga sameeyay cilmi-baaris asaasi ah oo ku saabsan qaababka iftiiminta iftiinka (LEDs) iyo tiknooloojiyada semiconductor (RF) ee III-V radiyaha (RF), oo bilaabmay horraantii 1950-yadii.
1962-dii, IBM Physicist JB Gunn ee cilmi-baaris ku saabsan gallium arsenide (GaAs) waxay keentay helitaanka qulqul-celin sare ee tamarta korontada ku jirta iyada oo loo marayo qashin yar oo khafiif ah - hadda loo yaqaan 'Gunn Effect'. Horumarintan ayaa waxa ay soo jiidatay habkii hore ee qalabka milatari ee loogu talo galay in la dhiso iyadoo la adeegsanayo qalabka loo yaqaan 'Gunn Diodes' (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano qalabka elektarooniga ah) kuwaas oo tan iyo markii loo adeegsaday qalab kala duwan oo ka mid ah baabuurta radar detectors iyo calaamadaha signalka si qoyaanka dareeraha iyo gawaarida jabiya.
Halbeegyada ugu horreeya iyo lasers oo ku salaysan GaAs ayaa la soo saaray 1960-kii markii ay soo saareen cilmi-baarayaasha RCA, GE, iyo IBM.
Ugu horreyntii, LEDs waxay awoodeen inay soo saaraan qalabka casriga ah ee aan muuqan, yaraynta laydhka dareemayaasha, iyo codsiyada elektarooniga ah. Laakiin suurtagalkooda sida ilaha iftiinka tamarta iftiimiya ayaa muujinaya.
Horraantii 1960-yadii, Texas Instruments waxay bilaabeen inay bixiyaan LEDs ganacsi ahaan. Sannadkii 1970-yadii, horaantii nidaamyada muuqaalka dhijitaalka ah, oo loo isticmaalo daawashada saacadaha iyo xisaabiyaha, ayaa dhawaan la sameeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo hababka wax-qabadka LED-ga.
Cilmi-baadhis dheeraad ah 1970-yada iyo 1980-yadii waxay keentay farsamooyin ku-meel-gaar ah, tiknoolijiyada LED-ga oo lagu kalsoonaan karo oo kharashkuna waxtar badan yahay. Horumarinta xayawaanka-aluminium-arsenic (GaAlAs) xeryaha yar-yar-yar-yar-yar-yar ayaa keeney LED-yada toban-jeer ka iftiimaya sidii hore, halka farshaxanka midabku u heli karo LED-yada sidoo kale ay sare u kaceen oo ku saleysan dusha sare ee gaaska dabiiciga ah, sida indium -gallium-nitride (InGaN), gallium-arsenide-phosphide (GaAsP), iyo gallium-phosphide (GaP).
Dhammaadkii 1960-yadii, GaAs guryaha ayaa sidoo kale lagu baaray iyada oo qayb ka ah ilaha tamarta qorraxda loogu talagalay sahaminta goobaha. Sannadkii 1970, koox cilmi-baaris ah oo samafal ah oo samafal ah ayaa aasaasay unugyada qoraxda gaaban ee GaAs heterostructure.
Xoogga saaridda wax soo saarka qalabka optoelectronic iyo wareegyada isku dhafan (ICs), dalabka GaAs wafers korodhey dhammaadkii 1990-meeyadii iyo bilawgii qarniga 21aad ee xidhiidhka lala yeeshay horumarinta isgaadhsiinta gacanta iyo tiknoolajiyada kale ee tamarta.
Wax yaab leh, marka laga jawaabayo baahida sii kordhaysa, inta u dhexeysa 2000 iyo 2011 wax-soo-saarka gallium-ka ee caalamiga ah ayaa ka badan laba jibbaar ka badan 100 metrik ton (MT) sanadkiiba ilaa in ka badan 300MT.
Wax soosaarka:
Celceliska gallium ee qolofka dhulka ayaa lagu qiyaasay inuu yahay qiyaastii 15 qaybood halkii milyan oo qof, oo la mid ah lithium oo ka badan inta badan hogaanka . Birta, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si ballaaran ayaa loo kala firdhiyey oo ay soo bandhigeen tiro yar oo dhaqaale ahaan laga soo saari karo.
In ka badan 90% dhammaan galliumka la soo saaro ayaa hadda laga soo saaraa bauxite inta lagu gudajiro alumina (Al2O3), oo ah horuumar aluminium ah .
Qadar yar oo galium ah ayaa loo soo saaraa iyada oo loo adeegsanayo soosaarida zinc-ka inta lagu jiro dhalaalinta macdanta suufka.
Inta lagu jiro habka Bayerka ee aluminium aluminiumka alumina, mashiinka la jajabiyey waxaa lagu dhaqaa xal kulul oo ah sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Kani wuxuu alumina ku beddelaa sodium aluminate, kaas oo degaya tuubooyinka halka uu ka kooban yahay sodium hydroxide oo hadda ku jira gallium loo soo ururiyey si dib loogu isticmaalo.
Sababtoo ah aalkoladan dib-u-warshadeyntu, waxay ka kooban tahay galliam ka dib wareega kasta illaa ay ka gaarto heerka 100-125ppm. Isku darka ayaa markaa dib loo qaadan karaa loona daraa sida galleyda adigoo ka soo saaraya xalka dareeraha iyadoo la isticmaalayo walxaha dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah.
Qubka elektaroolikitiga heerkulkiisu yahay 104-140 ° F (40-60 ° C), galley sodium waxaa loo beddelaa gallium. Ka dib markaad ku dhaqdo aashitada, tani waxay markaa ka dhigi kartaa miraayad dhoobo ah ama caag dhalaal ah si loo abuuro 99.9-99.99% gallium.
99.99% waa heerka fasalka caadiga ah ee dalabka GaAs, laakiin adeegsigaa cusub wuxuu u baahan yahay nadiifin sare oo la gaari karo iyadoo la isticmaalayo birta kuleylka ah si loo soo saaro waxyaallaha aan sugnayn ama qalabka korantada ku shaqeynaya iyo nidaamyada jajabsan.
Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, wax soo saarka gallium ee dunida inteeda badani waxay u guureen Shiinaha kuwaas oo hadda bixiya qiyaastii 70% gallium adduunka. Dalalka kale ee soo saarista ah waxaa ka mid ah Ukraine iyo Kazakhstan.
Qiyaastii 30% wax-soosaarka gallium ee sanadlaha ah ayaa laga soo saaraa alaabta iyo dib-u-warshadaynta sida GaAs-ku jira waferada IC. Dib u warshadaynta gallium-ka badana waxay ka dhacdaa Japan, North America, iyo Europe.
US Geological Survey ayaa ku qiyaastay in 310MT oo gallium ah lagu nadiifiyey sanadkii 2011.
Waxyaabaha ugu weyn ee soo saarayaasha adduunka ka mid ah waxaa ka mid ah Zhuhai Fangyuan, Qalabka Nuclearka ee Beijing Jiya, iyo Dib u Dhiska Metals Ltd.
Codsiyada:
Marka giliyoo la gooyey ay u egtahay in ay jabiso ama sameyso biraha sida birta dusheeda. Xaqiiqadan, oo ay weheliso heerkulkiisu aad u hooseeyo, macnaheedu waa in gallium uu yahay mid yar isticmaalka qaababka dhismaha.
Nidaamka dhuxusha, galiyada waxaa loo isticmaalaa qoryaha iyo walxaha dhaadheer oo yar, sida Galinstan ®, laakiin waxaa badanaa laga helaa qalabka semiconductor.
Codsiyada waaweyn ee Gallium waxaa loo kala saari karaa shan kooxood:
1. Khariidad-yaraynta: Xisaabinta qiyaastii 70% isticmaalka gallium-sannadkii, GaAs wafers waa laf-dhabarka qalabka elektaroonigga casriga casriga ah sida kuwa casriga ah iyo aaladaha kale ee isgaarsiinta wireless oo ku tiirsan awoodda badbaadinta iyo awooda awooda GaAs ICs.
2. Nalalka iftiimaya Diode (tan iyo sannadkii 2010), taniyo sannadkii 2010, baahida dunida ee gallium ee waaxda LED-yada ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in labanlaabay, iyada oo la isticmaalayo isticmaalka nalalka dhalaalaya iftiinka muraayadaha moobiilka iyo muraayadda. Hadafka caalamiga ah ee ku saabsan tayada tamarta ayaa sidoo kale horseeday taageerada dawladda ee isticmaalka nalalka LED ee nalalka iftiinka iyo nalalka hufan.
3. Tamarta qoraxda: Isticmaalka geelka ee codsiyada tamarta qorraxda ayaa diiradda saara laba tiknoolaji:
- GaAs unugyada tamarta qoraxda
- Cadmium-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) unugyada qorraxda ee filinka
Nidaamyada farsamada gacanta ee waxtarka leh, labadaba tiknoolajiyadu waxay ku guulaysteen codsiyo khaas ah, gaar ahaan la xidhiidha aerospace iyo milatari laakiin weli waxay wajahayaan caqabadaha isticmaalka weyn ee ganacsiga.
4. Qalabka Magneticiga: Awoodda sare, magnets joogto ah waa qayb muhiim ah ee kombiyuutarada, gawaarida hybrid, dabaysha dabaylaha iyo qalab kale oo elektaroonik ah iyo qalab kale. Waxyaabaha yar yar ee galiumka waxaa loo isticmaalaa marokaneerada joogtada ah, oo ay ku jiraan neodymium- iron - boron (NdFeB) magnets.
5. Codsiyada kale:
- Dhammaan alaabooyinka gaarka ah iyo kuwa iibka ah
- Muraayadaha qoynta
- Iyadoo plutonium sida stabil stabilization nuclei
- Nikel - manganese -gallium qaabka xasaasiyadda xasaasiga ah
- Badeecada batroolka
- Codsiyada Biomedical, oo ay ku jiraan daawooyinka (Nitrium gallium)
- Phosphors
- Ogaanshaha naqshadaynta
Ilaha:
Softpedia. History of LEDs (Nalalka iftiimaya Diode).
Waxaa laga soo xigtay: https://web.archive.org/web/20130325193932/http://gadgets.softpedia.com/news/History-of-LEDs-Light-Emitting-Diodes-1487-01.html
Anthony John Downs, (1993), "Chemistry of Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, iyo Thallium." Daadis, ISBN 978-0-7514-0103-5
Barratt, Curtis A. "III-V Semiconductors, Taariikhda Codsiyada Faransiiska." ECS Trans . 2009, Qaybta 19, Issue 3, Pages 79-84.
Schubert, E. Fred. Nalalka iftiimaya . Machadka Polytechnic ee Rensselaer, New York. May 2003.
USGS. Natiijooyinka Badeecadaha Macdanta: Gallium.
Isha: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gallium/index.html
Warbixinta SM. Waxyaabaha Dhuxusha: Aluminium-Gallium Xiriirka .
URL: www.strategic-metal.typepad.com