Fiiri boronka yar yar ee birta ah
Boron waa mid aad u adag oo kulaylka u adkaysta kaas oo laga heli karo noocyo kala duwan waxaana loo adeegsan karaa xeryahooda si wax kasta uga samaysto kuwa wax lagu buukiyo iyo dhalooyinka ilaa semiconductors iyo Bacriminta beeraha.
Sifooyinka boronka waa:
- Calaamadda Atomiga: B
- Nidaamka Atomic: 5
- Qaybta Xulashada: Metalloid
- Cufnaanta: 2.08g / cm3
- Dhibicda Biyaha: 3769 F (2076 C)
- Boiling Point: 7101 F (3927 C)
- Moh's Hardness: ~ 9.5
Astaamaha Boron
Boorka Elemental waa mid dhoobo-bir ah, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in isir ahaan laftiisu ay ku jiri karaan qaabab kala duwan, mid kastoo leh sifooyinkiisa jirka iyo kiimikada. Sidoo kale, sida maaddooyinka kale ee yar yar (ama metalloids), qaar ka mid ah guryaha boronka ayaa dabiici ah dabiiciga ah halka kuwo kale ay u eg yihiin kuwa aan maadada ahayn.
Boorashka saafiga ah ee ugu sareeya wuxuu u muuqdaa mid caleenta madow mugdi madow ah ama mugdi, madow, iyo birta qalafsan.
Aad u adag oo u adkaysata kuleylka, boron waa kambiyuutar liitan oo koronto leh heerkulkiisu hooseeyo, laakiin isbeddelkani wuxuu isbedelaa heerkulka. Inkasta oo boronka kristalku uu yahay mid aad u xasilloon oo aan dib-u-helin asiidhka, nooca aaladda ayaa si tartiib tartiib ah u qulqulaya hawada waxana uu si daran ugu fal celin karaa acid.
In qaabka crystalline, boron waa mar labaad ugu adag ee dhammaan walxaha (ka dambeysa oo kaliya carbon ah ee foomka dheeman) iyo mid ka mid ah heerkulka dhalooyinka ugu sareeya. Si la mid ah gawaarida, kuwaas oo cilmi-baarayaashu hore u qalqaaleen sheyga, boron-yada waxay sameeyaan ciriiriyaal dabiici ah oo xasilan oo adkeynaya in la kala saaro.
Lambarka lambarka shanaad waxa kale oo uu awood u leeyahay in uu soo nuugo tiro badan oo nafaqo ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon maadooyinka kontoroolka nukliyarka.
Cilmi-baarisyo dhowaan soo bandhigay ayaa muujiyay, in marka boron-qaboojiyaha, boronoonku uu hannaan ahaan u yahay qaab-dhismeed atomi oo ka duwan oo u oggolaanaya inuu u dhaqmo sidii bare-weyne.
Taariikhda Boron
Inkastoo helitaanka boronka loo yaqaan 'Chemists' oo cilmi baaris ku samaysay macdanta bakeeriga ee qarnigii 19aad, waxa la rumaysan yahay in maadada saafiga ah aan la soo saarin ilaa 1909.
Hase yeeshee, macdanta borotiinka (badanaa loo yaqaano sida boronada), si kastaba ha ahaatee, horeba waxaa loo adeegsaday bini'aadannimada qarniyo badan. Isticmaalka ugu horeysay ee borax (borotiinka dabiiciga ah ee dabiiciga ah) wuxuu ahaa dahabiyaasha carabiya ee xerada u adeegsan jiray si ay u nadiifiyaan dahab iyo lacag dahab ah ee qarnigii 8aad.
Glazes on ceramics china oo ka dhaxaysa qarniyadii 3aad iyo 10aad ee AD waxay muujiyeen in ay isticmaalaan qaabka dabiiciga ah ee dhacaya.
Isticmaalka casriga ah ee Boron
Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'glass borosilicate' dabo-dhaliyeyaasha ah ee dabayaaqadii 1800-yadii la soo dhaafay waxay keeneen ilo cusub oo dalab ah oo loogu talagalay macdanta balaayada ah. Isticmaalka tiknoolajiyadaan, Corning Glass Works waxay soo bandhigtay qaboojiyaha muraayadda Pyrex 1915.
Sanadaha dambe ee dambe, codsiyada boronka ayaa koray si ay ugu daraan noocyo kala duwan oo warshado ah. Nitram boronka ayaa bilaabay in lagu isticmaalo qurxinta jarmalka, iyo sannadkii 1951, habka wax soo saarka loogu talagalay fiilooyinka boronka ayaa la sameeyay. Noocyada ugu horreeya ee nukliyeerka, oo soo galey on-line muddadaas, ayaa sidoo kale isticmaalay boron ee ulooshada.
Dhowr sano ka dib burburkii nukliyarka Chernobyl ee 1986, 40 xabbo oo xayiraadyo boron ah ayaa lagu daadiyey hawada si loo xakameeyo xakamaynta radionuclide.
Horraantii 1980-meeyadii, horumarinta moolalka adag ee dunidan joogtada ah waxay sii abuurtay suuq cusub oo cusub.
In ka badan 70 metrik tan oo ah magnesium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets ayaa hadda la soo saaraa sannad kasta si loogu isticmaalo wax kasta oo ka yimaada gawaarida korontada ku shaqeeya ee dhegaha.
Dhammaadkii 1990-yadii, biraha boroniga ayaa bilaabay in lagu isticmaalo gawaarida si loo xoojiyo qaybaha dhismaha, sida baararka ammaanka.
Wax soosaarka Boron
In kastoo in ka badan 200 nooc oo kala duwan oo macdanta bakeeriga ah ay ku jiraan qolofka dhulka, kaliya afar xisaabood oo ka badan boqolkiiba 90 ka mid ah soo saarista ganacsiga ee xeryahooda boron iyo boron: tincal, kernite, colemanite, iyo ulexite.
Si loo soo saaro nooc cusub oo saafi ah oo budada boron, boron boron kaasoo ku jira macdanta ayaa la kululeeyaa magnesium ama aluminium. Yareynta waxay soo saartaa budada boronada caadiga ah ee qiyaastii 92 boqolkiiba saafi.
Boorash saafi ah ayaa la soo saari karaa iyada oo la yareeyo khatarta borotiinka leh hydrogen heerkulka ka sarreeya 1500 C (2732 F).
Boorash aad u sareysa, oo loo baahan yahay isticmaalka semiconductors, waxaa lagu sameyn karaa dib udajinta diborane ee heerkul sarreeya iyo kordhinta kiriimyada halbeegga ah iyada oo la adeegsanayo boodhka ama habka Czolchralski.
Codsiyada Boron
Inkastoo in ka badan lix malyan oo metrik ton oo macdanta leh ee macdanta laga qodo sannad kasta, ayaa badi tan badhkeed ayaa la cunaa sida borotiinka borotiinka ah, sida boric acid iyo boron oxide, oo aad u yar in loo beddelo boron elemental. Xaqiiqdii, kaliya qiyaastii 15 metrik ton oo boron elemental ah ayaa la wada cunay sanad walba.
Baaxadda isticmaalka boron iyo boron boron waa mid aad u ballaaran. Qaar waxay ku qiyaasaan in ay jiraan in ka badan 300 isticmaalka dhammaadka-isticmaalka element ee qaababka kala duwan.
Shanta adeeg ee ugu weyn waa:
- Muraayada (tusaale, muraayadda borosilicate ee dabacsan)
- Ceramics (tusaale ahaan, glazes faybar)
- Beeraha (tusaale ahaan, boric acid ee Bacriminta dareeraha).
- Dareemayaasha (tus., Sodium perborate ee dharka dhaqada)
- Dheecaannada (tusaale ahaan, dib u habeynta guriga iyo warshadaha)
Codsiyada Maaddooyinka Birta ah
Inkasta oo boronka maaddadu uu isticmaalo waxoogaa yar, ayaa elementku si aad ah ugu qiimeeyaa tiro ka mid ah codsiyada maaddooyinka. Marka laga saaro kaarboonka iyo waxyaabo kale oo aan xaddidnayn sida uu ku xidhan yahay birta, qadar yar oo boron ah-kaliya qaybo ka mid ah hal milyan oo lagu daro birta ayaa ka dhigi kara afar jeer ka xoog badan celceliska xoogga sare.
Kartida awoodda ay u leedahay in ay kala tagto oo soo saaro filimka oksaydhka birta ayaa sidoo kale ka dhigaysa mid ku haboon in lagu xiro qulqulka. Boron trichloride ayaa ka saaraya nitrides, carbides, iyo oxide ka soo biraha birta la saaray. Natiijo ahaan, boron trichloride waxaa loo isticmaalaa samaynta aluminium, magnesium, zinc iyo copper alloys.
In metallurgy budada ah, joogitaanka ugxan biraha waxay kordhisaa koritaanka iyo awood farsamo. In badeecadaha dhoobo, jiritaankoodu wuxuu kordhiyaa iska caabinta qulqulka iyo adkeynta, halka walxaha titanium loo isticmaalo jasiiradaha jilicsan iyo borotiinka qaybaha gawaarida ay kor u qaadaan farsamada.
Fikradaha burcadbadeedda, oo lagu sameeyo qashin-saarka hydride-ka ee siligga tungsten, waa kuwo xooggan, qalab fudud oo ku habboon isticmaalka qalabka isboortiska, iyo sidoo kale naadiyada golfka iyo cajalad-sare.
Isku darka borotiinka ee NdFeB Magnet wuxuu muhiim u yahay shaqada mashiinnada joogtada ah ee joogtada ah ee loo isticmaalo dabaysha dabaysha, korontada korontada, iyo noocyo badan oo elektaroonik ah.
Horumarinta Boron ee u dhaxaysa neutron waxay u oggolaaneysaa in loo isticmaalo hubinta nukliyeerka nukliyeerka, gaashaanka shucaaca, iyo qalabka wax lagu ogaado.
Ugu dambeyntii, mashiinka boronka, maaddada sadexaad ee ugu adag, waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarida armaajo kala duwan iyo jeexjeexo jilicsan iyo sidoo kale abrasives iyo xirashada qaybo.
Ilaha:
Chemicool. Boron
URL: http://www.chemicool.com/elements/boron.html
USGS. Macluumaadka Macdanta. Boron
URL: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/boron/