Manganese waa qayb muhiim ah ee soo saarista birta . Inkasta oo lagu tilmaamo sida bir yar yar, tirada manganese soo saaro adduunka sannad kasta waxay ka hooseysaa kaliya birta , aluminium , copper , iyo zinc .
Guryaha:
- Calaamadaha Atomic: Mn
- Nambal Atom: 25
- Xulashada Qaybta: Birta kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 7.21 g / cm³
- Calaamadinta Biyaha: 2274.8 ° F (1246 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 3741.8 ° F (2061 ° C)
- Mohs Hardness: 6
Calaamadaha:
Manganese waa mid aad u jaban oo adag, birta qaloocsan-cawl.
Qodobka 12aad ee ugu caamsan ee qolofta dhulka, manganaanku wuxuu kordhiyaa xoogga, adkeynta iyo adkaynta iska caabinta markii uu ka soo baxo birta.
Waa awoodda Manganese awood u leh in ay si fudud ula qabsato baaruud iyo oksijiin, taas oo ka dhigi doonta mid muhiim u ah wax soo saarka birta. Manganese-yada siinta oxidise waxay caawisaa in laga saaro wasakhda hawada ogsajiinta ah, iyada oo sidoo kale wanaajinaysa shaqaynta birta heerkul sarreeya iyada oo la isku darayo sulfur si loo sameeyo sulfide-boodhka sareeya.
Taariikhda:
Isticmaalka xeryahooda manganese waxay dib udhigaan in ka badan 17,000 oo sano. Sawirrada godadka hore, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa ku yaala Lascaux Faransiis, waxay ka soo bixiyaan midabkooda mangan diitoxid. Birta Manganese, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma ahan mid go'doon ah ilaa 1774 Johan Gottlieb Gahn, saddex sano ka dib markii uu la shaqeeyay Carl Wilhelm Scheele waxay u aqoonsatay inay tahay shey gaar ah.
Waxaa laga yaabaa in horumarinta ugu weyn ee manganese ay ku dhawaad 100 sano ka dib markii, 1860-kii, Sir Henry Bessemer, oo qaatay taladii Robert Forester Mushet, wuxuu ku daray manganese nidaamkiisa wax soo saarka si uu u soo saaro sulfur iyo oksijiin.
Waxay kordhisay miraakilada alaabta la dhammeeyey, taas oo u oggolaanaysa in la duuduubay oo lagu dhufto heerkul sare.
Sannadkii 1882, Sir Robert Hadfield wuxuu manganese ku dhajiyay manganiisyo leh birta qashinka, kaas oo soo saarey qalabkii ugu horreeyay ee alaaba birta ka samaysan , oo hadda loo yaqaano Steele Hadfield.
Wax soosaarka:
Manganese waxaa ugu horreyn laga soo saaray miriinka macdanta (MnO 2 ), taas oo celcelis ahaan ka kooban 50% manganese.
Si aad u isticmaasho warshadaha birta, manganese waxaa lagu baari karaa hubka birta ee silicomanganese iyo ferromanganese. Sida laga soo xigtay Machadka Caalamiga ah ee Manganese, 11,7 malyan metrik ton oo manganese ah ayaa la soo saaray 2009kii. Taas waxaa ka dhigan, silicomanganese waxa lagu qiyaasey 7.4 malyan oo metrik ton, ferromanganese waxa lagu qiyaasey 4.3 milyan oo metrik ton.
Ferromanganese, oo ka kooban 74-82% manganese, waxaa la soo saaray oo lagu sifeeyay kaarboonka sare (> 1.5% kaarboon), carbon dhexdhexaad ah (1.0-1.5% karbon) ama kaarboon hoose (<1% carbon). Dhammaan saddexda waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyada oo la mariyo mangan dioksida, birta birta ah iyo dhuxul (coke) qarxa ama, marar badan, foorno koronto leh. Kuleylka xoogga leh ee foornada lagu dhejiyo waxay horseedi kartaa dhimista xargaha saddexda maaddooyinka, taasoo keentay ferromanganese.
Silicomanganese, oo ka kooban 65-68% silicon , 14-21% manganese iyo qiyaastii 2% kaarboon ayaa laga soo saaray lafdhabarta markii la sameeyay waxsoosaarka ferromanganese ee sareeya ama si toos ah uga yimid manganese. By smelt manganese macaan leh kiciska iyo quartz at heerkul aad u sarreeya, oxygen waa la saaraa halka quartz ay u rogto silicon, ka tagaya silicomanganese.
Manganese Electrolytic, oo leh nadaafado inta u dhaxaysa 93-98%, waxaa la soo saaraa macdanta manganese ee leh sulfuric acid.
Ammonia iyo hydrogen sulfide ayaa markaa loo isticmaalaa si loo yareeyo nacasyo aan la rabin, oo ay ku jiraan birta, aluminium, arsenic, zinc, lead , cobalt , iyo molybdenum . Xalka la daahiriyay ayaa markaa la galinayaa unug elektaroolikeed ah waxaana loo marayaa geeddi-socodka electrowinning wuxuu abuuraa lakab khafiif ah oo manganese ah oo ku yaala cathode.
Shiinaha ayaa labadaba ah soo saaraha ugu weyn ee macdanta manganese ah, taas oo qiyaastii 22% ka mid ah manganiyaanka la dallacay 2009kii iyo soo saaraha ugu wayn ee manganis la marsiiyay (sida ferromanganese, silicomanganese iyo manganese electrolytic). Sanadkii 2009kii, China waxay soo saartey 6.6 malyan oo metrik ton oo manganese ah, qiyaastii 57% wadarta guud ee waxsoosaarka caalamka, oo ay ku jiraan 64% waxsoosaarka caalamiga ah ee ferromanganese iyo in ka badan 95% wax soo saarka manganese elektrolitik ee caalamiga ah.
Codsiyada:
Qiyaastii boqolkiiba 90 dhammaan manganisyada oo la wada isticmaalo sannad walba waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka birta .
Saddex daloolow sadex meelood waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida qufacuubka iyo deen oxidizer, iyada oo inta soo hartay ee loo isticmaalo sida wakiil ka soo jeeda.
Ilaha:
Machadka Caalamiga ah ee Manganese. www.manganese.org
Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Noocyada Birta. http://www.worldsteel.org
Newton, Yuusuf. Hordhac loogu talagalay Metallurgyada. Labaad. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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