Guryaha
- Calaamadda Atom: Mo
- Agaabaha Atomic: 42
- Xulashada Qaybta: Biraha kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 10.28 g / cm3
- Calaamadaynta Biyaha: 4753 ° F (2623 ° C)
- Kuleylka: 8382 ° F (4639 ° C)
- Moh's Hardness: 5.5
Astaamaha
Sida maadadaha kale ee waxyeellada leh , molybdenum waxay leedahay cufnaanta sare iyo boodhka waxayna u adkaysaa kuleylka iyo xirashada.
Marka lagu daro 2,623 ° C (4,753 ° F), molybdenum wuxuu leeyahay mid ka mid ah dhibcaha ugu sareeya ee dhammaan walxaha birta, halka ay isku dheelitirnaanta fiditaanka heerkulku ka mid yahay midka ugu hooseeya ee dhammaan qalabka injineernimada. Moly waxa kale oo uu leeyahay sunta hoose.
In birta , molybdenum waxay yareyneysaa carqaladda sidoo kale kor u qaadida xoogga, adkeynta, weldelida iyo caabbinta dhoobada .
Taariikhda
Birta molybdenum ayaa markii ugu horeysay laga soo saaray shaybaar by Peter Jacob Hjelm ee 1782. Waxay inta badan ku jiray shaybaarro badan oo qarniga soo socda ilaa tijaabooyin dheeraad ah oo ay la socdaan alaabaha birta ayaa muujiyey moolka adkaynta moolka ee xayawaanka.
Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, wax soo saarka gawaarida qoryaha ayaa badalaya tungsten oo leh molybdenum. Laakiin codsigii koowaad ee ugu weynaa ee molyada wuxuu ahaa mid lagu daray fiilooyinka tungsten ee nalalka laydhka, kaas oo sii kordhaya isticmaalka isla mudadaas.
Qalabka adag ee tungsten intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Dunida I sababay koritaanka dalabka molybdenum ee biraha.
Baahidaas waxay keentay sahaminta ilaha cusub iyo helitaanka natiijada Climax deposit ee Colorado 1918.
Dagaalka ka dib, baahida milatari ayaa hoos u dhacday, laakiin horumarka laga gaaray warshadaha cusub - gawaarida - waxay kordhiyeen baahida kororka xoogga leh ee leh molybdenum. Dhammaadkii 1930-yadii, moly waxaa loo aqbalay sida farsamo, maaddooyin maadi ah.
Muhiimada molybdenum ee warshadaha warshadaha ayaa horseeday soo-saarkeedii ahaa badeecadaha maalgashiga horraantii 21-aad, iyo 2010-kii London Metal Exchange Exchange (LME) waxay soo saartey heshiisyadii hore ee molybdenum.
Wax soo saarka
Molybdenum waxaa badanaa loo soo saaraa sida-ama wax-soosaaray copper , laakiin miinooyin dhowr ah waxay soo saartaa moly sida wax soo saarka asaasiga ah.
Wax soo saarka aasaasiga ah ee molybdenum waxaa si gaar ah looga soo saaraa molybdenite, macdanta sulfide, oo leh walxaha molybdenum inta u dhexeysa 0.01 iyo 0.25%.
Birta molybdenum waxaa laga soo saaraa molybdic oxide ama ammonium molybdate iyada oo loo marayo geeddi-socod yar oo la yareeyo hydrogen. Laakiin, si loo soo saaro alaabooyinka dhexdhexaadinta laga soo qaado molybdenit kaadida, waa in marka hore la jajabiyo oo u daboolan si ay u kala soocaan copper sulfide ka soo moolbdenite.
Mawduska molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) ayaa markaa ka dib la dubay inta u dhexeysa 500-600 C ° (932-1112 F °) si loo soo saaro diirada molybdenite ee duban (MoO3, oo loo yaqaano farsamo molybdenum farsamo). Dufanka molybdenum dufan badan waxaa ku jira ugu yaraan 57% molybdenum (oo ka yar 0.1% sulfur).
Subimeynta fayo-qabka wuxuu keenayaa molybdic oxide (MoO3), taasoo, iyada oo loo marayo geeddi-socodka dhimista hydrogen laba-tallaabo, waxay soo saartaa birta molybdenum.
Tallaabada kowaad, MoO3 waxaa lagu yareynayaa molybdenum dioxide (MoO2). Molybdenum dioxide ayaa markaa kadib lagu riixaa tuubo gaas ah ama foorno dabacsan oo leh 1000-1100 C ° (1832-2012 F °) si loo soo saaro budo bir ah.
Molybdenum waxaa loo soo saaraa badeeco naxaas ah oo laga helo maadooyinka bakooraha ah ee bakoriyada, sida baanka Jamesham Canyon ee Utah, waxaa laga saaraa sida molybdenum disulfate inta lagu jiro qasacad naxaasta budada ah. Dufanka ayaa la dubay si uu u sameeyo mitrooga molybdic, kaas oo loo marin karo geeddi-socodka sublimadka si loo soo saaro birta molybdenum.
Marka loo eego tirakoobyada USGS, wax soo saarka guud ee adduunku wuxuu ahaa qiyaastii 221,000 tan oo sanadkii 2009kii. Dalalka ugu ballaadhan ayaa ahaa China (93,000MT), US (47,800MT), Chile (34,900MT) iyo Peru (12,300MT). Badeecadaha ugu weyn ee molybdenum waa Molymet (Chile), Freeport McMoran, Codelco, Southern Copper iyo Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group.
Araajida
In kabadan nus ka mid ah dhammaan molybdenum ayaa la soo gebogebeeyaa iyada oo ah wakiil isxirfir ah oo ku jira noocyo kala duwan oo aan qaabab lahayn .
Ururada Caalamiga ah ee Molybdenum waxay ku qiyaasaan in dhuxusha laga dhigo 35% dhammaan baahida molyaha. Molybdenum waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida wax lagu daro ee biraha dhismaha sababtoo ah caabbinta korantada, xoogga, iyo cimri dhererka. Iyadoo si gaar ah loogu talagalay ilaalinta biraha ka soo horjeeda korantada fooriyamka ah, birahaas waxaa loo adeegsadaa dalabyo balaadhan oo dabiiciga ah (tusaale ahaan, saliidaha saliida badda), iyo sidoo kale tubbooyinka gaaska iyo gaasta.
Dhuxulo aan la saarnayn ayaa 25% ka mid ah dalbashada molybden, taas oo qiime u leh awoodda biraha ee xoojinta iyo xayiridda qashinka. Isticmaal badan oo kale oo badan, birta aan biriinka lahayn ayaa loo isticmaalaa daawooyinka, kiimikada iyo qashinka iyo waraaqaha waraaqaha, gawaarida xamuulka, booyadaha badda iyo dhirta biyaha.
Dhererka xawaaraha sare leh iyo superalloys waxay isticmaalaan molyada si ay u xoojiyaan, kor u qaadaan adkaysiga iyo iska-caabbinta loo xiro iyo isbeddelka heerkulka sare. Qalabka xawaaraha sare waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo mashiinno iyo qalab wax lagu gooyo, halka superalloys loo isticmaalo soo saarida mishiinada jet, fiilooyinka turbo, tamarta korinta tamarta iyo dhirta kiimikada iyo batroolka.
Qiyaas yar oo mole ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa si loo kordhiyo xoogga, adkeynta, heerkulka iyo cadaadiska cadaadiska ee biraha iyo birta, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo mishiinada baabuurta (si gaar ah oo loo isticmaalo madaxyada huuriga, dhagxaanta baabuurta, iyo dhoobada). Kuwani waxay u oggolaanayaan matoorada inay kululaadaan, oo markaa, yareeyaan qiiqa.
Birta molybdenum oo saafi ah ayaa loo adeegsadaa codsiyo kala duwan oo ka sameysan budada budada ilaa unugyada qorraxda iyo daboolka dusha sare ee dusha sare.
Qiyaastii 10-15% ee molybden laga soocay ma aha mid soo afjarmey alaabada biraha laakiin waxaa loo isticmaalaa kiimikooyinka, inta badan kalluumeysiga rinjiyeynta saliidda.
Ilaha
Ururka Caalamiga ah Molybdenum.
USGS. Soo koobida badeecooyinka macdanta: Molybdenum (2011).
Ururka Ganacsiga yar yar. Molybdenum (2011).