Hel macluumaad ku saabsan Guryaha Qalabka, Astaamaha iyo Codsiyada
Palladium waa bir jilicsan, naadir ah, silvery-white metal kaas oo lagu qiimeeyo sifooyinka dabiiciga ah waxayna wadaagaan sifooyin badan oo ka mid ah astaamaha caamka ah ee platinum group (PGM), sida cufka oo aad u sarreeya iyo cufnaanta sare. Inkastoo ay sare u kaceen biraha, barta barafka ee palladium iyo cufnaanta ayaa ah kuwa ugu hooseeya ee PGMs.
Guryaha:
- Calaamadda Atomiga: Pd
- Agaabaha Atomic: 46
- Xulashada Qaybta: Biraha kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 12.02 g / cm³
- Barta Dhulku: 2830 ° F (1554 ° C)
- Kuleylka: 5365 ° F (2963 ° C)
- Moh's Hardness: 4.75
Astaamaha
Palladium, sida badan platinum , waa mid u adkaysata oksida iyo korontada iyo hanti waxyeelo fiican leh. Tani waxay badanaa sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in palladium uu yahay mid aan caadi aheyn - iyo cajiib ah - awood u leh inuu soo nuugo gaaska korontada qiyaas ahaan 900 jeer mugga. Jilicsan iyo tufaaxa marka la qaboojiyo , palladyadu waxay kordhisaa xoogga iyo adayga marka qabowgu qaboobo. Palladium sidoo kale waa mid kiimikada xasilloon iyo wax qabad, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid waxtar u leh dalabyada warshadaha elektaroonigga ah.
Taariikhda
Sannadkii 1803, William Hyde Wollaston wuxuu awood u siiyey in uu ka soocdo Palladium PGM-da kale adoo kala diraya platinumka macdanta ee aqua regia (hydrochloric and nitric acid) oo ay weheliyaan ammonium chloride iyo birta . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jirin codsiyo ganacsi oo loogu talagalay palladium ilaa qarnigii 20aad.
Mid ka mid ah codsiyada ugu horreeya ee loogu talagalay palladium, oo wali sii socota, waxay ku jirtaa daabacaadda sawirada.
Nidaamka loo yaqaan 'Platinotype', oo isticmaali kara midabtakoor ama palladium, ayaa loo isticmaalay horraantii qarnigii 18aad.
Laakiin palladium, sida dhammaan PGMs, ayaa la xakameeyay by ay yaraanta iyo qiimaha sare. Tani waxay billaabatay inay isbeddesho ka dib markii helitaanka dukaamada waawayn ee maadooyinka laga helay Koonfurta Afrika sannadkii 1920-kii iyo Kanada 1930-yadii.
Muddo dheer ka dib, palladium iyo platinum ayaa bilaabay in lagu isticmaalo qalabka ilkaha.
Sannadkii 1960-kii, baaritaan lagu sameeyay qalabkii platinum iyo palladium ee kalluunka ayaa keentay codsiyada cusub ee kiimikada, oo ay ku jiraan wax soo saarka polyester iyo shidaal.
Hase yeeshee, kii ugu weynaa ee loogu talagalay palladium, wuxuu yimid 1970-yadii markii heerarka gaadhiga ee baabuurta laga fuliyay Maraykanka. Baahida loo qabo palladium ayaa si aad ah u kordhay. Awoodda Palladium ee soo dejinta carbon monoxide iyo daahirinta hydrogen ayaa ka dhigtay in ay noqoto mid lagu beddelo kuwa wax lagu beddelayo.
Kordhinta xiisaha palladium sida qalab maal-galineed ayaa sidoo kale u horseeday is-weydaarsi dhaqaale ganacsi, kuwaas oo lagu taageerayo palladium jimicsi, oo laga ganacsanayo London iyo New York Stock Exchange. Waqtiga Palladium waxaa lagu iibiyaa New York Mercantile Exchange iyo palladium bullion sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah afar metr oo kaliya si loo helo lambarka lacagta euro (kuwa kale waa dahab, lacag, iyo platinum).
Wax soo saarka
Palladium waxaa mar walba la helaa PGMs kale. PMGs waxay si caadi ah u dhacaan xayiraadaha xayiraadaha laga helo dhagaxyada sida dunit, chromite, iyo dadka daacada ah. Qolalka Bushveld ee Koonfur Afrika iyo tiro kooban oo ka mid ah walxaha kale ee maskaxda, PGMs waxay ku dhacaan tiro ku filan si ay dhaqaale ugu sameeyaan si gaar ah loo soo saaro birtaas; Halkaas, ee Sudbury ee Canada iyo Sudbury ku kaydsan yihiin palladium iyo PGM kale ayaa laga soo saaraa alaabooyinka nikkel iyo copper .
Palladium oo ay ku jiraan rooga ayaa marka hore la jajabiyaa waxayna ku dheregtaa biyo kulul oo ay ku jiraan; geeddi-socod loo yaqaan 'macluud-dhalaal ah'.
Araajida
Suuqyada caalamiga ah ee palladium ayaa lagu qiyaasay inay ku dhowaad 300,000kg (660,000lbs) sannadkii 2010. Autocatalysts waa codsiga ugu weyn ee biraha, taas oo lagu qiyaaso 57% isticmaalka palladium sannadkii 2010.
Isticmaalka kale ee ugu dambeysa ee loogu talagalay palladium waxaa ka mid ah (qiyaastii isticmaalka adduunka):
- qalabka elektaroonikada (15%)
- maalgelin (11%)
- dahabka (6.5%)
- dhirta ilkaha (6%)
- kiimikooyinka (4%).
Qaarkood waxay qiyaasi karaan tirade baabuurta gawaarida ah ee adduunka ku nool ilaa 450 milyan. Xakamaynta kantaroolka xaddidan ee adag ayaa ku tiirsan autocatalysts si loo yareeyo carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, iyo karbaarro. Palladium ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraya geeddi-socodkan by oxidizing carbon ka hor inta aan la daalin.
Palladium waxaa sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalaa qalabka elektarooniga ee ku jira mashiinnada dhejiska badan (MLCC), kaas oo gacan ka geysanaya sidii loo xakameyn lahaa socodka hadda ee qaybaha kala duwan ee wareegga adigoo kaydinaya oo sii deynaya kharashka sida loo baahan yahay. MLCCs waxaa badanaa la sameeyaa iyada oo la isticmaalayo palladium ama alaabo palladium iyo lacag. Tirada yaryar ee palladium ayaa loo adeegsadaa xargaha isku dhafan ee isku dhafan iyo sida qalabka wax lagu duubo.
Isticmaalka palladium ee warshadaha ilkaha waa dhacdo cusub oo u muuqda mid isbedbeddelaya iyada oo ku xiran qiimaha qiimaha dahabka, platinum iyo palladium. Palladium waa la gashan yahay dahab ama lacag, naxaas iyo zinc si loo sameeyo qaababka ilkaha, taajka, iyo buundooyinka. Isku daridda PGMs waa in la kordhiyo xoog iyo adkaysi inta ay sii socoto.
Palladium waxay kaloo noqon kartaa beddel dhaqaale oo loogu talagalay platinum ee kalluumeyaha loo isticmaalo in lagu soo saaro kiimiko kala duwan, gaar ahaan, rinjiyeyaasha, dabeecadaha, fiilooyinka, iyo dharka. Gawaarida qabatinka Palladium, oo ka kooban mesh silig, gaas gaas ah oo loo isticmaalo in lagu sameeyo nitric acid.
Isticmaalka kale ee palladium waxaa laga helaa:
- Unugyada Shidaalka (Naqshadaynta Hydrogen)
- Waxsoosaarka shidaalka Ethanol (Nidaamka Wacker)
- Qadaadiicda
- Saliidda Saliidda (Dib-u-habeeynta Cabbirka iyo Horumarinta)
- Polyester (wax soo saarka cadhada loo yaqaan pure terephthalic, PTA)
- Sawir gacmeed (Nidaamka Platinotype)
- Daaweynta biyaha
- Daawada (palladium -103)
Ilaha:
Macluumaadka PGM. Johnson Matthey plc. http://www.pgmdatabase.com/jmpgm/index.jsp
Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Birta ee Platinum Group (IPA).
http://www.ipa-news.com/
Sahanka Cilmi-baadhista Mareykanka. Macluumaadka Miisaanka: Macdanta Platinum-Group (2010) iyo Soo koobida Badeecadaha Macdanta (2012).
http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/
Stillwater Palladium. Palladium: Birta qarniga 21-aad .
http://www.stillwaterpalladium.com/index.html
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