Maaddooyinka sharafta leh waxay kudhow yihiin midba midka kale miiska xilliyadeed
Maaddooyinka sharafta leh waxay kudhow yihiin midba midka kale miiska xilliyadeed, waxaana dhamaantood loo yaqaan "macdanta wareega." Waxa kale oo lagu sii kala qaybin karaa kooxo hoosaadyo ah: koox-kooxeedyada platinum-da ee iridium-group (IPGEs) iyo kooxo palladyo-kooxeed ee kooxo kooxeedyada (PPGEs).
Lixda PGM waa:
- Iridium (Ir)
- Osmium (Os)
- Palladium (Pd)
- Platinum (Pt)
- Rhodium (Rh)
- Ruthenium (Ru)
IPGEs waxay ka kooban yahiin osmium, iradium, iyo ruthenium, halka PPGEs ay yihiin roodi, platinum, iyo dabcan, palladium.
Astaamaha Metals Group Platinum
Platinum waxay u badan tahay tan ugu caansan ee kooxdan ee birta ah, sababtoo ah qayb weyn oo ay u isticmaasho maadada dahabka. Waa cufan, xasilooni, iyo nadir, waxaana loo adeegsadaa qalabka caafimaadka iyo qalabka elektarooniga ah iyo codsiyada.
Palladium waa bir jilicsan, silvery-cad ah oo lagu qiimeeyo guryaha dabiiciga ah. Waxay leedahay barxad sare oo leh heerkulka ugu hooseeya ee dhammaan PGMs.
Platinum iyo palladium labadaba waxaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa kalluumeysi, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay kicinayaan fal-celinta kiimikada iyaga oo aan laftooda lagu bedelin nidaamka.
Iridium, oo loo tixgeliyo tan ugu macdanta badan ee korontada u adkaysata, waxay ka hortagi kartaa cusbada, oxides, iyo asiidhka macdanta, laakiin waxaa saameeya sodyamiyam sodyam iyo sodium siyanide.
Waxay leedahay boodh aad u sarreeya, waxayna u adkaysatey dillaac, taas oo ka dhigeysa qalab kororsi xoog leh.
Rhodium iyo iridium way adagtahay oo way adagtahay in ay la shaqeeyaan, inkasta oo xeryahooda kiimikada ee labadan dhuxusha lagu qiimeeyo dalabyo badan oo kala duwan. Riodium waxaa lagu qiimeeyaa sida wax lagu karsado oo leh muuqaal sarre.
Waxa kale oo uu leeyahay difaac koronto oo hooseeya iyo iska-caabin adag oo joogto ah oo deggan.
Ruthenium iyo osmium way adagtahay oo jilicsan yihiin, oo waxay leeyihiin cillad aan fiicnayn oo ku saabsan oksaydhka, laakiin waa wax lagu daro waxyaabaha laysku daro iyo kalluunka.
Codsiyada Metals Group Platinum
PGMs waxaa inta badan loo adeegsadaa kalluumayste sababtoo ah xasilooni kimikeed, laakiin kuma xadidan doorka. Sida laga soo xigtay Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Metal Platinum Group (IPA), rubuc ka mid ah alaabooyinka la soo saaray waxaa ku jira PGM ama lahaa PGM door muhiim ah ee wax soo saarkeeda.
Qaar ka mid ah tusaalooyinka codsiyada dhammaadka isticmaalka waxaa ka mid ah: sida kalluumeysatada warshadaha batroolka (palladium iyo platinum), qalabka wadnaha iyo qalab kale oo caafimaad (iridium iyo platinum), sida lakab for faraha iyo DNA (osmium), soosaarka of nitric acid (rhodium), iyo kiimikooyinka, sida nadiifinta dareeraha, adhesives, iyo rinjiga (ruthenium).
Guryaha Platinum Group Metals
Platinum | Palladium | Roodi | Iridium | Ruthenium | Osmium | |
| Calaamadda kiimikada | Pt | Pd | Rh | Ir | Ru | Os |
| Cufnaanta (g / cm 3 ) | 21.45 | 12.02 | 12.41 | 22.65 | 12.45 | 22.61 |
| Xaaladda dhibicda (° C) | 1,769 | 1,554 | 1,960 | 2,443 | 2,310 | 3.050 |
| Dhibaatooyinka maqalka * | 40 | 40 | 101 | 220 | 240 | 350 |
| Is-adkeysiga korantada (microhm.cm at 0 ° C) | 9.85 | 9.93 | 4.33 | 4.71 | 6.80 | 8.12 |
| Qabsashada kuleylka (watts / mitir / ° C | 73 | 76 | 150 | 148 | 105 | 87 |
| Awood adag (kg / mm 2 ) | 14 | 17 | 71 | 112 | 165 | - |