Rhodium waa naadi bir ah oo birta ah (PGM) kaas oo si dabiici ah u degan heerkulka sare, u adkaysata jeermiska iyo inta badan loo isticmaalo soo saarida qalabka wax lagu beddelayo ee baabuurta.
Guryaha
- Calaamadaha Atomic: Rh
- Atomic Number: 45
- Xulashada Qaybta: Biraha kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 12.41 g / cm³
- Dhibicda Biyaha: 3567 ° F (1964 ° C)
- Kuleylka: 6683 ° F (3695 ° C)
- Moh's Hardness: 6.0
Astaamaha
Rhodium waa bir adag, midab-madow oo ah mid aad u deggan oo leh boodh sareeya.
Birta Rhodium waxay u adkaysantaa dusha sare iyo, sida PGM, waxay la wadaageysaa hantida kooxeed ee dabiiciga ah.
Maaddadu waxay leedahay jaantus sarreeya, waa mid adag oo adkaysi leh, waxayna leedahay labada iska caabin koronto oo hooseeya iyo sidoo kale iska caabin yar oo joogto ah.
Taariikhda
1803-kii, William Hyde Wollaston wuxuu awood u lahaa in uu ka soocdo Palladium PGM-da kale, sidaas awgeedna 1804, wuxuu ka soocay alaabada ka soo horjeeda.
Wollaston waxaa lagu kala diri jiray platinum macmacaanka aqua regia (isku dar ah qandhicirrada nitric iyo hydrochloric) kahor inta lagu darin chloride ammonium iyo birta si loo helo palladium. Kadib wuxuu ogaaday in rodium laga soo qaadan karo cusbooyinka chloride ee sii haray.
Wollaston wuxuu isticmaalay aqua regia ka dibna habka yareynta gaaska hydrogen si loo helo birta rhodium. Maaddada soo hadhay waxay muujisay hoyga casaanka ah waxaana loo magacaabay ka dib erayga Giriigga, oo macnaheedu yahay "Rose".
Wax soo saarka
Rhodium waxaa loo soocaa sidii loo yaqaan 'platinum' iyo ' nickel mining'.
Iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay naadir iyo nidaam qaali ah oo loo baahan yahay in lagu kala saaro biraha, waxaa jira waxoogaa yar oo dhuuban oo macdanta ah oo macdanta laga helo oo ah ilo dhaqaale oo qotodheer ah.
Sida ugu badan ee PGMs, waxsoosaarka rhodium ayaa diiradda saaraya dhismaha Bushveld ee Koonfur Afrika. Waddanku wuxuu ku fadhiyaa in ka badan 80% wax soo saarka tuunbiyamka aduunka, halka ilo kale oo ay ka mid yihiin basaasta Sudbury ee Canada iyo Norilsk Complex ee Russia.
PMGs waxaa laga helaa macdano kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dunit, chromite, iyo aqal.
Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee roodhiga ka soo baxa xeedho waa macdan qaali ah sida dahab, lacag , palladium, iyo platinum. Xiddada soo hadhay waxaa lagu daaweeyaa sodium bisulfate NaHSO 4 oo la dhalaalay, taasoo dhalisay rhodium (III) sulfate, Rh 2 (SO 4 ) 3.
Rhodium hydroxide ayaa markaa ka dib la isticmaalayaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo sodium hydroxide, halka hydrochloric acid lagu daro si loo soo saaro H 3 RhCl 6 . Qeybtan waxaa lagu daaweeyaa ammonium chloride iyo nitrite sodium si ay u sameeyso qulqulatada rhodium.
Xasilaadda waxaa lagu kala diraa hydrochloric acid oo xalkuna waa la kululaa ilaa inta wasakhda haraaga ah la gubo, oo ka dambaysa gidaarka birta ah.
Sida laga soo xigtay Impala Platinum , waxsoosaarka caalamiga ah ee roodiyuhu wuxuu ku kooban yahay kaliya hal milyan oo mar oo sannadle ah (ama qiyaastii 28 metrik ton) sanadkiiba, halka marka la barbardhigo, 207 metrik ton oo palladium ah ayaa la soo saaray sanadkii 2011.
Qiyaastii rubuc ka mid ah soo saarida rhodium waxay ka timaadaa ilaha labaad, badiyaa dib u rogayaasha wax lagu beddelay, halka inta soo hartay ay ka soo baxdo malabka. Soo saarayaasha waaweyn ee tarbiyada waxaa ka mid ah Anglo Platinum, Norilsk Nickel , iyo Impala Platinum.
Araajida
Sida laga soo xigtay Sahanka Sahameentiga Mareykanka ee Geological-ka, autocatalysts wuxuu ka dhigan yahay 77% dhammaan baahida qotoon ee sanadka 2010.
Saddexda injiriyaal ee loo isticmaalo baaskiiladaha makiinada dhuxusha waxay isticmaalaan roodhiga si ay u kiciyaan yaraynta nitrogen oxide si nitrogen.
Qiyaastii 5-7% isticmaalka qotoniyamka ee caalamiga ah waxaa isticmaala qaybta kiimikada. Rhodium iyo platinum-rhodium catalysts ayaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarida wax soo saarka oxo-alkolada iyo sidoo kale in la soo saaro nitric oxide, walxo cayriin ah Bacriminta, waxyaabaha qarxa, iyo nitric acid.
Wax soo saarka muraayadaha ayaa lagu xisaabiyaa 3-6% oo ah isticmaalka rhodium sanad walba. Sababtoo ah dhibco sareeya, xoog iyo iska-caabbinta haragga, rhodium, iyo platinum ayaa laga yaabaa in ay ka samaysan karaan samaynta maraakiibta qabta oo qaabeeya muraayadda dhalaalay. Waxa kale oo muhiim ah in alaabooyinka ku jira roodhiyada aysan wax falcelin ah, ama oksidise, galaas heerkul sare. Isticmaalka kale ee dabiiciga ah waxsoosaarka galaaska waxaa ka mid ah:
- Si aad u sameysato duufaan, kuwaas oo loo isticmaalo in lagu soo saaro foornada muraayadda adigoo geliya dhalooyinka birta ah ee godadka (eeg sawir).
- In soo saarista bandhigyada kareemka dareeraha (LCD) sababtoo ah heerkulka sare ee loo baahan yahay in la yareeyo alaabta ceeriin iyo tayada muraayadda loo baahan yahay.
- In la soo saaro muraayadda muraayadda loogu talagalay bandhigyada cathode ray (CRT).
Isticmaalka kale ee loogu talagalay rhodium:
- Iyada oo dhameystirto dahabka (kor saarista dahab cad)
- Dhamme u ah muraayadaha
- Qalabka qurxinta
- Xiriirka korontada
- Qodobbada loogu talagalay diyaaradaha gawaarida gawaarida iyo mootooyinka
- In reactors nukliyeer ahaan sida detective of heerarka dheecaanka neutron
- Heer-kuleylka
Ilaha:
Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Birta ee Platinum Group (IPA). http://www.ipa-news.com/
Sahanka Cilmi-baadhista Mareykanka. 2010. Macluumaadka Miisaanka: Macdanta Platinum Group. http://www.usgs.gov/
Impala Platinum. Bixinta & Dalabka: Rhodium. http://www.implats.co.za/implats/Supply-demand.asp
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