Waa maxay iridium?
Guryaha
- Calaamadaha Atomic: Ir
- Nidaamka Atoma: 77
- Xulashada Qaybta: Birta kala-guurka
- Cufnaanta: 22.56g / cm 3
- Barta Dhecaanka: 4471 ° F (2466 ° C)
- Boiling Point: 8002 ° F (4428 ° C)
- Mohs adagaanta: 6.5
Astaamaha
Birta iridium ah ee cirridku waa qalab aad u deggan oo cufan.
Iridium waxaa loo tixgeliyaa tan ugu macdanta badan ee korontada u adkeysata, sababtoo ah waxay ka soo horjeesatay weerarka laga soocayo cusbada, oxides, macdanta macdanta ah iyo aqua regia (isku dar ah hidde iyo acidschloric acids), iyada oo kaliya ay u nugul yihiin weerar ay ku dhacaan cusbada macdanta sida sodium chloride iyo sodium cyanide.
Midka labaad ee ugu caansan ee dhammaan walxaha birta (oo ka dambeeya osmium oo keliya, inkastoo arrintan laga dooday), iridium, sida PGMs kale, waxay leedahay boodh aad u sarreeya iyo xoog farsamo wanaagsan heerkulka sare.
Iridium Metallic wuxuu leeyahay qaabka labaad ee ugu sarreeya ee dabeecadda oo dhan ee biraha, taas oo macnaheedu yahay in ay aad u adag tahay oo u adkaysata diidmada, sifooyinka taasoo adkeyneysa in lagu dhajiyo qaybo la adeegsan karo, laakiin taas oo ka dhigaysa midabyo qiimo leh iyo xoojinta dheecaanka. Platinum , marka loo eego 50% iridium, tusaale ahaan, waxay ku dhawaad toban jeer ka adag tahay marka ay ku jirto xaalad saafi ah.
Taariikhda
Smithson Tennant waxaa lagu xisaabiyaa helitaanka iridium inta lagu baaro platinum macaan 1804.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, birta indium oo aan la soo saarin 10 sano oo kale oo qaabka saafiga ah ee biraha lama soo saarin ilaa 40 sano ka dib markii Tennant laga helay.
Sanadkii 1834, John Isaac Hawkins wuxuu soo saaray isticmaalka ganacsiga ugu horreeya ee iridium. Hawkins waxay raadineysay qalab adag si ay u sameeyaan talooyin qalin leh oo aan xiranayn ama jebin doonin isticmaalka soo noqnoqashada.
Ka dib markay maqlaan sifooyinka cusub ee cusub, waxa uu helay qalab iridium ah oo ka sameysan Tennant's colleague William Wollaston waxana uu bilaabay inuu soo saaro qalinka dahabiga ee iridium ah.
Qaybtii labaad ee qarnigii 19-aad, shirkadda British-ka ah ee Johnson-Matthey ayaa hogaaminaysay horumarinta iyo suuqgeynta iridium-platinum alloys. Mid ka mid ah isticmaalka bilowga ah ee uu ku jiray Witworth Cannabis, taas oo ficil ka qaaday intii lagu jiray dagaalkii sokeeye ee Mareykanka.
Ka hor intaan la hirgelin alaabooyinka iridium ah, qaybo dusha laga saaro, oo xajistay dabdamiska, waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u liita sababtoo ah dabdheerta soo noqnoqda iyo heerkulka kuleylka sareeya. Waxaa la sheegey in dufanka laga sameeyey dhirta iridium-ay ku jirto alaabooyinka ay qaabeeyaan foomka iyo foomka loogu talagalay in ka badan 3000 oo dacwadood.
Sannadkii 1908, Sir William Crookes wuxuu sameeyay mashiinnada ilkaha ee iridium (maraakiibta loo isticmaalo fal-celinta kiimikada heerkulka sare), kaas oo uu soo saaray Johnson Matthey, waxaana helay helitaan faa'iido badan oo ka sameysan maraakiibta aaladda ah ee platium.
Isticmaalka heerarka kuleylka ee iridium-ruthenium ayaa la sameeyay horaantii 1930-meeyadii iyo dhammaadkii 1960-yadii, horumarinta anodyada xasilloon oo xasilan (DSAs) ayaa si weyn u kordhiyay baahida loo qabo qaybta.
Horumarinta anodyada, oo ka kooban walxaha birta ah ee lagu xiro qamriga PGM, ayaa ahaa horumar weyn oo ku saabsan geedi socodkii chloralkali ee soo saaridda koloriin iyo caustic soodhada, anodiyadu waxay sii ahaanaysaa adeegga weyn ee iridium.
Wax soo saarka
Sida dhammaan PGMs, iridium waxaa loo soo saaraa sida soo saarista nikkel , iyo sidoo kale laga soo xigtay PGM.
Diirada PGM badanaa waxaa loo iibiyaa roogeeyeyaasha oo ku takhasusay kala goynta biraha kasta.
Marka wax lacag ah oo dahab ah, dahab, palladium , iyo platinum ayaa laga saaraa xeedhada, haraga inta ka hadhay waxaa lagu dhalaalay sodium bisulfate si loo saaro rhodium .
Dufanka kale, oo ku jira iridium, oo ay weheliyaan ruthenium iyo osmium, ayaa la dhalaalay sodium peroxide (Na 2 O 2 ) si looga soo saaro ruthenium iyo osmium tufaaxa, oo ka dambaysa dibedda hoose ee iridium dioxide (IrO 2 ).
Marka la kala diro iridium dioxide ee aqua regia, waxaa la saari karaa oksijiinka marka la soo saaro xal loo yaqaan ammonium hexachloroiridate. Nidaamka qalajinta uumiga ah, oo lagu raaco gubasho gaas hydrogen ah, ugu dambeyntii waxay keentaa iridium saafi ah.
Waxsoosaarka caalamiga ah ee iridium wuxuu ku kooban yahay qiyaastii 3-4 tan sanadkii. Badankan waxay ka soo baxaan wax soo saarka ilkaha, inkastoo qaar ka mid ah iridium loo isticmaalo dib-u-cusbooneysiin ka soo baxa xayawaanka iyo xayawaanka.
Koonfurta Afrika waa ilaha ugu muhiimsan ee iridium, laakiin biraha waxaa sidoo kale laga soo saaraa burooyinka nikkel ee Ruushka iyo Kanada.
Kuwa ugu weyn waxaa ka mid ah Anglo Platinum, Lonmin, iyo Norilsk Nickel .
Araajida
Inkasta oo iridium uu isu arko badeecooyin balaadhan, adeegsigiisa dhamaadka ah ayaa guud ahaan loo qeybin karaa afar qaybood:
- Koronto
- Kiimikada
- Electrochemical
- Kuwa kale
Sida laga soo xigtay Johnson Matthey, isticmaalka electrochemical wuxuu ku dhowaad 30 boqolkiiba oo ka mid ah 198,000 oo ounces oo la cunay sanadka 2013. Codsiyada korontada ayaa ka dhigan 18 boqolkiiba isticmaalka geedka iridium, halka warshadaha kiimikada ay isticmaalaan qiyaastii boqolkiiba 10. Isticmaalka kale ayaa soo koobay celceliska 42% ee wadarta wadarta.
Ilaha
Johnson Matthey. Dib u eegista suuqa PGM 2012.
http://www.platinum.matthey.com/publications/pgm-market-reviews/archive/platinum-2012
USGS. Soo koobida badeecooyinka macdanta: Metallada Platinum Group. Source: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/platinum/myb1-2010-plati.pdf
Chaston, JC "Sir William Crookes: Baaritaano ku saabsan Crucibles Iridium iyo Iskeelitirka Metals Platinum". Dib-u-eegista Biraha ee Platinum , 1969, 13 (2).