Qiimaha Taariikhda Dahabka ah ee Boqortooyada Roomaanku, Ingiriiska iyo Maraykanka
Boqortooyada Roomaanka
Daaraalkii hore ee Rome, Emperor Augustus (30-jir BC-14 AD) ayaa dhigay qiimaha dahabka ah ee 45 jibbaarda pound.
Si kale haddii loo dhigo, hal pounds oo dahab ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay sameeyaan 45 shil. Dib u soo noqoshada soo socota waxay dhacday xilligii xukunka Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (211-217 AD). Wuxuu qiimeeyay qiimaha ilaa 50 jibbaar dahab ah oo dahab ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid kasta oo kharash ah qiimo yar iyo qiimaha dahab qiimo badan. Diocletian (284-305 AD) oo dahab ah oo laga dhigay 60, ka dibna Constantine Great (306-337 AD) ayaa laga saaray 70. Waxay sameeyeen tan si ay u maalgaliyaan milatari si ay awood ugu lahaadaan. Waxay sidoo kale kordhiyeen canshuuraha.
Boqortooyadani waxay hoos u dhigeen qiimaha lacagta ee aadka u sarreeya ee loo yaqaan ' hyperinflation' . Si aad fikrad u siiso 301 AD, hal pound oo dahab ah ayaa lagu qiimeeyay 50,000 denarii (lacagta kale ee lagu saleeyay lacagta). Sanadkii 337 waxay ahayd 20 milyan oo dinaar. Sida qiimaha dahabka kacay, sidaas oo kale qiimaha wax kasta oo kale. Dadka fasalka dhexe waxay awoodi kari waayeen baahidooda maalin kasta. Taasina waa hal sabab oo Boqortooyada Roomaanka bilaabay inay is-qabsadaan. (Waxaa laga soo xigtey: "Sicirada iyo Dhulka Boqortooyada Roomaanka," Ludwig von Mises Institute, September 7, 2009.
NS Gill, "Roman Roman Timeline.")
Boqortooyada Ingiriiska
Sanadkii 1257, Ingiriiska ayaa dhigay qiimaha dahab ah £ 89. Waxay kor u qaadday qiimaha ilaa £ 1 qarnigii kasta, sida soo socota:
- 1351 - £ 1.34
- 1465 - £ 2.01
- 1546 - £ 3.02
- 1664 - £ 4.05
- 1717 - £ 4.25
Sanadihii 1800-aad, waddamada badankood waxay daabaceen lacagaha waraaqaha ah ee lagu taageeray qiimaha dahabiga ah .
Tani waxaa loo yaqaan heerka caadiga ah . Wadamada waxay heysteen kaydka dahabiga ah ee ku filan si ay u taageeraan qiimahaas Wixii dheeraad ah, fiiri Taariikhda Heerka Dahabka .
Ingiriiska ayaa dahab ahaan ku qarash gareeyay £ 4.25 bilo illaa 1944 Heshiiska Bretton-Woods . Taasi waa markii dalalka ugu horumaray ay isku raaceen in ay hagaajiyaan lacagtooda dakhliga Mareykanka tan iyo markii Maraykanku lahaa 75 boqolkiiba kubadaha adduunka. Sicirka dahabka ee sanadka oo dhan, u tag Qiimaha Gawaarida, 1257-Present.
Mareykanka
Maraykanku wuxuu isticmaalay nambarka dahabka ee Ingiriisiga ilaa 1791 markii uu dhigay qiimaha dahab ah $ 19.49. Sannadkii 1834, waxay u kicisay $ 20.69. Sharciga Gold Standard ee 1900 wuxuu hoos u dhacay illaa $ 20.67. Waxa kale oo lagu dhejiyaa dahab, halkii lacag ah, sida biraha kaliya ee taageeray lacagta warqadda.
Difaaca qiimaha dahabku wuxuu sababay Diiqada Weyn . Dhibaato ayaa la bilaabay bishii Agoosto 1929, ka dib markii kaydka federaalku kordhay qiimaha dulsaarka 1928-kii. Ka dib markii uu dhacay shilalka suuqyada ee 1929 , maalgashadeyaal badan ayaa billaabay lacag caddaan ah qiimaha dahabiga ah. Hantidhowrka Maraykanku wuxuu ka walwalsan yahay in Maraykanku ka bixi karo dahab. Waxay waydiisatay FED-da inay kor u qaadaan heerka mar kale. Taasi waxay kordhin doontaa qiimaha dollarka waxayna ku sii haysaa qiimo dahab ah. Waxay shaqaysay 1931.
Dakhliga dulsaarka sare wuxuu deyn ka dhigay qaali. Taasi waxay ku khasabtay shirkado badan oo ka ganacsada. Waxay kaloo sameeyeen jabhada , sababtoo ah lacag xoog badan ayaa iibsan kara wax ka yar. Shirkadaha ayaa yaraynaya kharashka lagu ilaaliyo sicirka hoos loogu dhigo loona sii tartamo. Taas oo ah shaqo la'aan sii xumaatay, taasoo hoos u dhigaysa jahwareerka .
Sannadkii 1932-kii, baarayaasha ayaa mar kale lacag u rogay dahab. Iyada oo qiimaha dahabka kor u kacay, dadku waxay kor u qaadeen birta qaaliga ah. Waxay u direen qiimaha kor u kacay. Si loo helo madax furashada dahabka, madaxweyne Roosevelt wuxuu mamnuucay lahaanshaha hantida gaarka ah ee lacagta dahabka ah, bullion, iyo shahaadooyinka bishii Abriil 1933. Maraykanku waa inay iibiyaan dahabkooda Fed .
Sanadkii 1934-kii, Golaha wuxuu meelmariyey Sharciga Kaydka Dhaqaalaha. Waxay mamnuucday lahaanshaha gaarka ah ee dahab ee Maraykanka. Waxay sidoo kale u oggolaatay Madaxweyne Roosevelt in uu kor u qaado qiimaha dahabka ah illaa $ 35 bilyan.
Tani waxay hoos u dhigtay qiimaha doolarka, abuurista sicir barar caafimaad leh. (Waxaa laga soo xigtey: Lawrence H. Sarkaalka iyo Samuel H. Williamson, "The Price of Gold, 1257-Present," "Measurement Worth, 2013." Siyaasadda Dahabka ee 1930-yada, "FEE.org,)
Sannadkii 1937, FDR wuxuu jaray qarashka dawladda si loo yareeyo khasaarihii Tani waxay xaddiday diiqada. Waqtigaas, kaydka dawladeed ee dahabku wuxuu u kordhay $ 12 bilyan. Waxaa lagu qabtay kaydka Bullion ee Mareykanka ee Fort Knox, Kentucky iyo Bankiga Dhexe ee Maraykanka ee New York. (Waxaa laga soo xigtey: Ahamed, Liaquat, Sayidaha Maaliyadda: Bankiyaanka Ku Dhuftay Dunida , 2009)
Sannadkii 1939, FDR waxay kordhisay kharashka difaaca si loogu diyaariyo Dagaalkii Dunida II. Dhaqaalaha ayaa balaariyay. Isla mar ahaantaana, Abaarta Buste ayaa soo afjartay. Isku-dhafka wuxuu soo gabagabeeyay Diiqadda Weyn.
Sannadkii 1944, awoodaha waaweyn ayaa wada xaajoodkii Heshiiska Bretton-Woods. Taasi waxay ka dhigtay doolarka doolarka Maraykanka lacagaha rasmiga ah ee caalamiga ah .Dadka Mareykanka ayaa difaacay qiimaha dahab ah $ 35 bilyan.
Sanadkii 1971, Madaxweynaha Nixon wuxuu u sheegay Fed-ka inuu joojiyo sharafta qiimaha dollarka ee dahabka. Taas macneheedu waa bangiyada dhexe ee ajnabiga ah ma badali karaan doolarkooda dahabiga Maraykanka, oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda lacagta dollarka. Nixon wuxuu isku dayey inuu joojiyo xasiloonida , isu-geynta sicir-bararka iyo dhaqaale- darrada . Hase yeeshee, sicirbararka ayaa sababay awooda korodhka doolarka , maadaama ay hadda ku beddeshay lacagta Ingiriiska ah sida lacagta caalamiga ah.
Nixon wuxuu isku dayay inuu qiimeeyo qiimaha doolarka ee dahabiga ah, isaga oo ka dhigaya mid u dhigma kaliya 1/38 gumeysi oo dahab ah, ka dibna 1/42 rigoore. Sanadkii 1976, Nixon si rasmi ah ayuu uga tagay heerka dahabiga ah. Dhanka doolarka doolarka, dahabiga ayaa si dhakhso ah u toogan ilaa $ 120 halkii mariba suuqa suuqa.
Sannadkii 1980, ganacsatadu waxay dalbadeen qiimaha dahabka illaa $ 594.92 sida kor u kaca sicir bararka laba-god. Fedaraalka ayaa hoos u dhigey sicir-bararka dulsaar dulsaar ah labajibbaaray balse wuxuu keenay sababo dhaqaale. Gold wuxuu hoos u dhacay $ 410 kadib markii uu ku jiray kalsoonidii guud ahaan ilaa 1996 markaasoo uu hoos u dhacay $ 288 doolar si looga jawaabo koboca dhaqaalaha. Laakiin ganacsatada ayaa ku soo laabtay ka dib dhibaatooyinkii dhaqaale kasta, sida weerarrada argagixisada ee 9/11 iyo burburkii 2001 .
Gold ayaa toogtay illaa $ 869.75 biloowgii dhibaatooyinka dhaqaale ee 2008 . Qiimaha billaha ah ee dahabiga ah ayaa rikoodhkii ugu badnaa oo dhan ah $ 1,895 bishii Sebtembar 5, 2011, iyada oo laga jawaabayo welwelka in Maraykanku uu deynta ku dari doono . Tan iyo markaas, waxay hoos u dhacday, sida dhaqaalaha Mareykanka soo hagaagay iyo sicirku weli wuu hooseeya. Wixii dheeraad ah ee ku saabsan waxa sababa sicirka dahabka kor u kaca, arag waa inaan iibsado Gold?
Qiimaha Dahabka ah ee Sannadka Sannadka la barbardhigo Dowlada, Sicirada iyo Wajiyada Ganacsiga
| Sannad | Qiimaha Dahabka (London PM Fix) | Xiritaanka Dowlada (Dec 31) | Sicir bararka (Dec YOY) | Waxyaabaha Saameynaya Saameynta Dahabka |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1929 | $ 20.63 | 248.48 | 0.6% | Dhibaatada. |
| 1930 | $ 20.65 | 164.58 | -6.4% | Gubasho. |
| 1931 | $ 17.06 | 77.90 | -9.3% | Murugo |
| 1932 | $ 20.69 | 59.93 | -10.3% | Murugo |
| 1933 | $ 26.33 | 99.90 | 0.8% | Xafiiska FDR wuxuu qabtaa xafiiska. |
| 1934 | $ 34.69 | 104.04 | 1.5% | Ballaarinta. Sharciga Kaydka Dahabiga. |
| 1935 | $ 34.84 | 144.13 | 3.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1936 | $ 34.87 | 179.90 | 1.4% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1937 | $ 34.79 | 120.85 | 2.9% | Kharashka FDR ee laga jaray. |
| 1938 | $ 34.85 | 154.76 | -2.8% | Kufsi ilaa Juun. |
| 1939 | $ 34.42 | 150.24 | 0% | Abaarta Duufaantu way dhammaataa. |
| 1940 | $ 33.85 | 131.13 | 0.7% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1941 | $ 33.85 | 110.96 | 9.9% | Maraykanku wuxuu galayaa WWII. |
| 1942 | $ 33.85 | 119.40 | 9.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1943 | $ 33.85 | 135.89 | 3.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1944 | $ 33.85 | 152.32 | 2.3% | Heshiiska Bretton-Woods. |
| 1945 | $ 34.71 | 192.91 | 2.2% | Dhibaatadu waxay raaceysaa WWII. |
| 1946 | $ 34.71 | 177.20 | 18.1% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1947 | $ 34.71 | 181.16 | 8.8% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1948 | $ 34.71 | 177.30 | 3.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1949 | $ 31.69 | 200.13 | -2.1% | Dhibaatada. |
| 1950 | $ 34.72 | 235.41 | 5.9% | Ballaarinta. Dagaalka Kuuriya . |
| 1951 | $ 34.72 | 269.23 | 6.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1952 | $ 34.60 | 291.90 | 0.8% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1953 | $ 34.84 | 280.90 | 0.7% | Eisenhower ayaa ku dhammaatay dagaalkii Kuuriya. Dhibaatada. |
| 1954 | $ 35.04 | 404.39 | -0.7% | Khatarta ayaa ku dhammaaneysa Maajo. Doomku wuxuu ku noqdaa 1929 sare. |
| 1955 | $ 35.03 | 488.40 | 0.4% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1956 | $ 34.99 | 499.47 | 3.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1957 | $ 34.95 | 435.69 | 2.9% | Kordhinta ilaa Agoosto. |
| 1958 | $ 35.10 | 583.65 | 1.8% | Kufsi ilaa Abriil. |
| 1959 | $ 35.10 | 679.36 | 1.7% | Ballaarinta. Qiimaha korodhsanaya ayaa kor u kaca. |
| 1960 | $ 35.27 | 615.89 | 1.4% | Dhibaatada. Heerka hooseeya ayaa la dhimay. |
| 1961 | $ 35.25 | 731.14 | 0.7% | JFK waxay qaadataa xafiiska. |
| 1962 | $ 35.23 | 652.10 | 1.3% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1963 | $ 35.09 | 762.95 | 1.6% | LBJ waxay qaadataa xafiiska. |
| 1964 | $ 35.10 | 874.13 | 1.0% | Goldfinger waxay muujineysaa qorshaha lagu xakameynayo dahabadda Knox ee Fort Knox. |
| 1965 | $ 35.12 | 969.26 | 1.9% | Dagaal Vietnam. |
| 1966 | $ 35.13 | 785.69 | 3.5% | Ballaarinta. Qiimaha korodhsanaya ayaa kor u kaca. |
| 1967 | $ 34.95 | 905.11 | 3.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1968 | $ 38.69 | 943.75 | 4.7% | Ballaarinta. Qiimaha korodhsanaya ayaa kor u kaca. |
| 1969 | $ 41.09 | 800.36 | 6.2% | Nixon wuxuu xilka hayaa. Qiimaha korodhsanaya ayaa kor u kaca. |
| 1970 | $ 37.44 | 838.92 | 5.6% | Dhibaatada. Heerka hooseeya ayaa la dhimay. |
| 1971 | $ 43.48 | 890.20 | 3.3% | Ballaarinta. Xakamaynta qiimaha mushaharka. |
| 1972 | $ 63.91 | 1020.02 | 3.4% | Ballaarinta. Stagflation. |
| 1973 | $ 106.72 | 850.86 | 8.7% | Heerka qiyaasta kubada. |
| 1974 | $ 183.85 | 616.24 | 12.3% | Watergate. Ford wuxuu u oggol yahay lahaanshaha lahaanshaha dahabka. |
| 1975 | $ 139.30 | 852.41 | 6.9% | Dhibaatadu waxay dhammaanaysaa. Saamiyada kor u kacda, dahabku hoos ayuu u dhacaa. |
| 1976 | $ 133.88 | 1004.65 | 4.9% | Ballaarinta. Heerka hooseeya ayaa la dhimay. |
| 1977 | $ 160.45 | 831.17 | 6.7% | Ballaarinta. Carter wuxuu qabanayaa xafiiska. |
| 1978 | $ 207.83 | 805.01 | 9.0% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1979 | $ 455.08 | 838.71 | 13.3% | Siyaasadda joogtada ah ee Fed ayaa ka sii dareysa sicir-bararka. |
| 1980 | $ 594.92 | 963.99 | 12.5% | Gold ayaa ku dhufanaya $ 850 1/21. Maalgashadayaasha waxay raadinayaan amniga |
| 1981 | $ 410.09 | 875.00 | 8.9% | Guddiga Kubadda. |
| 1982 | $ 444.30 | 1,046.54 | 3.8% | Dhibaatadu waxay dhammaanaysaa. Garn-St. Germain Act. |
| 1983 | $ 389.36 | 1,258.64 | 3.8% | Ballaarinta. Reagan waxay kordhisaa kharashka. |
| 1984 | $ 320.14 | 1,211.57 | 3.9% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1985 | $ 320.81 | 1,546.67 | 3.8% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1986 | $ 391.23 | 1,895.95 | 1.1% | Ballaarinta. Canshuur celinta Reagan. |
| 1987 | $ 486.31 | 1,938.83 | 4.4% | Ballaarinta. Shil dhaco Isniintii . |
| 1988 | $ 418.49 | 2,168,57 | 4.4% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1989 | $ 409.39 | 2,753.20 | 4.6% | Dhibaatada S & L. |
| 1990 | $ 378.16 | 20163.66 | 6.1% | Dhibaatada. |
| 1991 | $ 361.06 | 3,168.83 | 3.1% | Dhibaatadu waxay dhammaanaysaa. |
| 1992 | $ 334.80 | 3,301.11 | 2.9% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1993 | $ 383.35 | 3,754.09 | 2.7% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1994 | $ 379.29 | 3,834.44 | 2.7% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1995 | $ 387.44 | 5,117.12 | 2.5% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1996 | $ 369.00 | 6,448.27 | 3.3% | Ballaarinta. Maalgashadayaashu waxay u jeedsadaan kaydka. |
| 1997 | $ 288.74 | 7,908.25 | 1.7% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1998 | $ 291.62 | 9,181.43 | 1.6% | Ballaarinta. |
| 1999 | $ 282.37 | 11,497.12 | 2.7% | Ballaarinta. Cabsida Y2K. |
| 2000 | $ 274.35 | 10,786.85 | 3.4% | Suuqa sare ee suuqyada ee March. |
| 2001 | $ 276.50 | 10,021.5 | 1.6% | Dhibaatada. 9/11. |
| 2002 | $ 347.20 | 8,341.63 | 2.4% | Ballaarinta. Suuqa saafiga ee 9-sano ayaa bilaabanaya. |
| 2003 | $ 416.25 | 10,453.92 | 1.9% | Ballaarinta. |
| 2004 | $ 435.60 | 10,783.01 | 3.3% | Ballaarinta. |
| 2005 | $ 513.00 | 10,717.50 | 3.4% | Ballaarinta. |
| 2006 | $ 632.00 | 12,463.15 | 2.5% | Ballaarinta. |
| 2007 | $ 833.75 | 13,264.82 | 4.1% | Dowadu waxay ka sarraysaa 14,164.43. |
| 2008 | $ 869.75 | 8,776.39 | 0.1% | Dhibaatada. |
| 2009 | $ 1,087.50 | 10,428.05 | 2.7% | Dhibaatadu waxay dhammaanaysaa. Gold waxay ku dhuftey $ 1,000 / oz 2/20. |
| 2010 | $ 1,405.50 | 11,577.51 | 1.5% | Obamacare iyo Dodd-Frank . |
| 2011 | $ 1,531.00 | 12,217.56 | 3.0% | Dhibaatada Deynta . Rikoodhka kubbadda rikoorka $ 1,895 9/5. |
| 2012 | $ 1,657.60 | 13,104.14 | 1.7% | Ballaarinta. Gold ayaa hoos u dhacda. Xiisadaha ayaa kordha. |
| 2013 | $ 1,202.30 | 16,576.55 | 1.5% | |
| 2014 | $ 1,154.25 | 17,823.07 | 0.8% | Dollar xoog leh . |
| 2015 | $ 1,061.00 | 17,425.03 | 0.7% | Gold waxay ku dhacdaa $ 1,050.60 12/17. |
| 2016 | $ 1,150.90 | 19,762.60 | 2.1% | Dollar wuu daciifiyaa. |
| 2017 | $ 1,302.50 | 24,719.22 | 2.1% |
Ogsoonow: Intii u dhaxaysay 1929-1969, sicirka qiimaha celceliska sanadlaha ayaa loo isticmaalaa. Sannadkii 1970, bishii bishii December bishii qiimaha dahabka waxaa loo isticmaalaa 1920-1999. Maalintii ganacsiga ee ugu dambeeyey ee Diisambar waxaa loo adeegsadaa sanadkii 2000.
Khayraadka Miiska
- KITCO, Sicirka dahabka, 1833-Maanta
- Samuel H. Williamson, Qaabilaadda Maalinlaha ah ee Dowlada Jones Average, 1885 ilaa Present, MeasuringWorth, 2013
- Heerka Sarrifka Maraykanka ee Sannadka
- Heerka Maalgelinta Taageerada Taariikhda
- Taariikhda Dhalashada
- Tilmaamaha qarniga 20-aad
- NBER, Taariikhda Ganacsiga